1、兽类学报，2023，43（4）：398-411DOI：10.16829/j.slxb.150794Acta Theriologica Sinica藏狐的食物组成及其季节差异郑佳鑫1 左清秋2 王刚1 韦旭1 翁晓东3 王正寰1*（1 华东师范大学生命科学学院，上海 201100）（2 中国疾病预防控制中心寄生虫病预防控制所(国家热带病研究中心)，上海 200001）（3 江西省科学院生物资源研究所，南昌 330096）摘要：作为青藏高原地区食物链高端的捕食者，藏狐(Vulpes ferrilata)的食物组成研究不仅有助于了解该物种与当地潜在被捕食物种之间的种间关系，同时对于了解其生态适应策略
2、及捕食食物链介导的野生动物疫源疫病的传播机制具有重要理论意义。本研究对2019年暖季(78月)和寒季(11月)分别在四川省甘孜州石渠县采集的30份和28份藏狐粪便样品，进行DNA宏条形码测序和显微观察，分析藏狐的食物组成及其季节差异。结果显示，藏狐主要取食包括啮齿类、鸟类、有蹄类、鱼类在内的多种脊椎动物以及昆虫和植物。以高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)为代表的鼠兔科动物和雉科鸟类是藏狐最主要的食物来源，在藏狐粪便中检出率最高，且在寒季和暖季之间没有显著差异。卡方检验显示鲤形目鲤科原鲤属鱼类(Procypris spp.)和昆虫在暖季藏狐粪便中出现频次显著高于寒季。寒季藏狐粪便中
3、食物组成的多样性和均匀度均高于暖季，但无显著差异。线性判别分析发现原鲤属鱼类在暖季藏狐粪便中的序列丰度显著高于寒季。主坐标分析显示暖季粪便内不同食物类型和序列丰度更加相似，而寒季粪便内不同食物类型和序列丰度具有更大差异。这些结果揭示：当暖季食物资源丰富度较高时，藏狐倾向于捕食丰富度较高的猎物物种，而当寒季各类猎物资源相对匮乏时，藏狐则通过增加取食生态位宽度以尽可能获取可以食用的食物来适应寒季更为严酷的生存环境。本研究在丰富藏狐食性资料的同时，为野生动物保护及沿食物链传播的人兽共患病的防治工作提供基础数据。关键词：藏狐；食性分析；季节性差异；非损伤性取样；DNA宏条形码技术中图分类号：Q958.
4、12 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-1050（2023）04-0398-14Dietary composition and seasonal changes of the Tibetan fox(Vulpes ferrilata)ZHENG Jiaxin1,ZUO Qingqiu2,WANG Gang1,WEI Xu1,WENG Xiaodong3,WANG Zhenghuan1*(1 School of Life Sciences,East China Normal University,Shanghai 201100,China)(2 National Institute of Pa
5、rasitic Diseases,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research),Shanghai 200001,China)(3 Institute of Biological Resources,Jiangxi Academy of Sciences,Nanchang 330096,China)Abstract:The Tibetan fox(Vulpes ferrilata)is a crucial predator in the food c
6、hain in the stepper area of the Tibetan Plateau.Studies about its diet have important theoretical significance to understand its relationships with prey species,ecological adaptation strategies,and the transmission mechanism of parasitic zoonosis mediated by the food chain.In this study,30 and 28 fe
7、cal samples of Tibetan foxes were collected from Shiqu County,Sichuan Province,during the warm season(July and August)and cold season(November)in 2019,respectively.Meta-barcode sequencing and microscopic observation were performed to analyze the dietary composition of the Tibetan fox and its seasona
8、l differences.Results showed that the Tibetan fox mainly fed on pikas,rodents,birds,ungulates,fishes,and also insects and plants.Pikas represented by the plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)and the Phasianidae birds had the highest detection rates in the feces of the Tibetan fox,representing thus its ma
9、in prey.Their detected rates in fecal samples did not change significantly between the cold and warm seasons.The Chi-square test showed that the frequency of Procypris(Cypriniformes:Cyprinidae)and insects in the fecal samples of Tibetan foxes in the warm season were significantly higher than that in
10、 the cold 基金项目：国家自然科学基金(31071944,31470488,32071529)作者简介：郑佳鑫(1997-)，女，博士研究生，主要从事动物生态学研究.E-mail:JXZhengC收稿日期：2023-03-22；接受日期：2023-05-16*通讯作者,Corresponding author,E-mail:4 期郑佳鑫等：藏狐的食物组成及其季节差异season.The diversity and evenness of food composition in the feces of Tibetan foxes in the cold season were high
11、er than that in the warm season,but there was no significant difference.Linear discriminant analysis effect size revealed that DNA reads of Procypris spp.in the fecal samples of the Tibetan fox in the warm season were significantly higher than that in the cold season.The principal coordinate analysi
12、s showed that food items and their sequence abundance in various fecal samples of warm season were more similar than those in samples of cold season.These results indicated that Tibetan foxes tend to prey on prevailing prey species in the warm season when food resources are more abundant,while in th
13、e the cold season,when prey resources are relatively scarcer,they increase the width of feeding niche to obtain more edible food items.This study provided fundamental information about the feeding ecology of the Tibetan fox,and its significance in the conservation and prevention of zoonotic diseases
14、 transmitted along the food chain was discussed.Key words:Tibetan fox;Dietary analysis;Seasonal variation;Non-invasive sampling;Metabarcoding食物是野生动物的能量来源，对于维持野生动物的正常生命活动具有重要意义(孙儒泳等，2019)。捕食被捕食关系是物种进化和生存策略的重要表现形式(Monterroso et al.,2019)。由多重捕食行为构成的食物链不仅能反映种间关系(Andriollo et al.,2021)和生物多样性组成(Calvignac-
15、Spencer et al.,2013)，同时有助于发现传染性疾病病源宿主及其传播途径(Chattopadhyay and Arino,1999)。因此，野生动物食性研究在野生动物保护、生物多样性保护和动物源性传染病防治等多个领域发挥着重要作用。尤其对于保护物种而言，针对这些物种的食性研究能够加深对珍稀野生动物行为和与其他物种间关系的了解，指导保护和管理措施的制定和执行(Braczkowski et al.,2018)。野生动物的食物组成受季节影响(Davidson et al.,2013)，不同季节野生动物的食物组成变化反映其生态适应策略。最优觅食理论(Optiomal foraging t
16、heory,OFT)常被用于解释动物觅食的生态适应策略：有机体总是倾向于在单位时间内使自身净能量收入最大。即食物资源充足时动物具有更狭窄的取食生态位；当食物资源稀缺时，动物将在其食谱中纳入其他可替代原有食物的食物资源，从而拓展其取食生态位宽度(Macarthur and Pianka,1966)。这种捕食策略出现于翼手目(Gong et al.,2023)、鲸偶蹄目(Thompson et al.,2014)、食肉目(mietana and Klimek,1993)等多种野生动物的季节性食性研究。动物食性分析研究传统方法包括采食行为直接观察、活动痕迹推断、实验条件投喂、胃肠道内容物或粪便食物残渣形态观察等方法(王贵林和尹华宝，2008)。直接观察和活动痕迹推断等野外追踪方法在实施过程中人力消耗大，对研究人员的野外工作能力和物种形态学鉴定能力要求高，而且其研究效果还受制于研究区域自然环境因素的不确定性(Fiore,2004)。实验条件投喂法虽然条件可控，但是由于实验条件无法完全等同于野生自然环境，提供的食物种类也可能不如自然环境中丰富，因此实验结果不能完全反映被试动物的自然食物组成(邹如