1、InternationalHUMANE DOG POPULATIONMANAGEMENT GUIDANCEInternational Companion Animal Management CoalitionICAM03Who this guidance is for03Introduction04Terminology05Definitions05Content structure06Assessingthelocaldogpopulation07Creatingamulti-stakeholdercommittee07Factorsinfluencingdogpopulationsize0
2、8Factorsmotivatingpeopletocontroldogpopulations10Education12Legislation12Registrationandidentification13Sterilisationandcontraception14Holdingfacilitiesandrehomingcentres15Euthanasia16Vaccinationandparasitecontrol16Controllingaccesstoresources16Planningforsustainability17Aims,objectivesandactivities
3、17Settingstandardsforanimalwelfare17Implemention19Monitoringandevaluation1902IntroductionA.Initial data collection and assessment03B.Influential factors in dog population management070812D.Designing the interventionContentsE.Implementation,monitoring and evaluation1719COVER IMAGE:ROBIN CULLEY/RSPCA
4、PHOTOLIBRARYAnnex A:Tools to assess dog population management needs20Annex B:Creating a multi-stakeholder committee22C.Components of a comprehensive dog population management programme12ICAMThe International Companion AnimalManagement Coalition(ICAM Coalition)ismade up of representatives from the Wo
5、rldSociety for the Protection of Animals(WSPA),the Humane Society International(HSI),theInternational Fund for Animal Welfare(IFAW),RSPCA International(the international arm ofthe Royal Society for the Prevention of Crueltyto Animals),the Universities Federation forAnimal Welfare(UFAW),the World Sma
6、llAnimal Veterinary Association(WSAVA)andthe Alliance for Rabies Control(ARC).This group was set up to fulfil several objectives,includingthe sharing of information and ideas on companion animalpopulation dynamics with a view to coordinating andimproving member organisations recommendations andguida
7、nce.Each organisation has agreed that it isimportant to strive to improve our mutual understandingthrough collaboration.We have a responsibility as fundingand advisory bodies to ensure we are offering the mostaccurate guidance,based on the latest available data andconcepts,to those involved with dog
8、 populationmanagement in the field.We also believe it is importantthat we endeavour to be transparent and to document ouropinions and philosophy whenever possible.It is to thisend that this document has been produced it representsour recommendations at the time of writing,based on theknowledge we ha
9、ve accrued to date,and will be subject toupdates when appropriate.We are acutely aware of thelack of data in this field and will strive both to support thecollection of new data and to incorporate it into our futurediscussions,assessments and guidelines.November 2007H U M A N ED O GP O P U L A T I O
10、 NM A N A G E M E N TG U I D A N C E:I C A M031.Although in a different format and using more recent examples,thisdocument does share many of the concepts,particularly with regards toinitial assessment,included in the WHO/WSPA(1990)Guidelines for DogPopulation Management.IntroductionWho this guidanc
11、e is forThis document is intended for use by government bodies andnon-governmental organisations(NGOs)which are involved indog population management.The ICAM Coalition believes that responsibility for dogpopulation management properly resides with local or centralgovernment.Animal welfare NGOs shoul
12、d not be encouraged,nor seek,to take on the authoritys overall responsibility for dogpopulation management other than through a contractualagreement,with appropriate funding and resources.However,animal welfare NGOs play an important role in guiding andsupporting government strategy,so it is importa
13、nt for suchorganisations to have an understanding of all the componentsof a comprehensive strategy.This will enable them to targettheir support where it can be most effective and to make thebest use of limited resources.AimAs an animal welfare advocate,the ICAM Coalition believesthat when population
14、 management is deemed necessary,it isessential that it is achieved in a humane manner and ultimatelyleads to an improvement in the welfare of the dog populationas a whole.As NGOs we also believe it is important thatpopulation management is achieved as effectively as possibledue to limitations on res
15、ources and also due to ourresponsibility to our donors.The aim of this document is to provide guidance on how toassess dog population management needs and how to decideupon the most effective and resource-efficient approach tomanaging the population in a humane manner1.We are aware that the status,c
16、omposition and size of dogpopulations can vary significantly between and within countriesand so there is no single intervention that will work for allsituations.Therefore,we strongly advocate the need for initialassessment and consideration of all potential relevant factorsbefore deciding on a progr
17、amme design.The only concept weconsider universal is the need for a comprehensive programmethat is focused on causes and not solely on treating thesymptom,namely the roaming dog population.IntroductionAll the organisations within the ICAM Coalition seek toimprove animal welfare as a common purpose,a
18、nd as apriority.Dog population management is an area of concern forall of us due to the welfare issues involved.Roaming dogs may encounter a range of welfare problems,including:?malnutrition?disease?injury through traffic accidents?injury through fighting?abusive treatment.Attempts to control the po
19、pulation may also present significantwelfare problems,including:?inhumane methods of killing such as strychnine poisoning,electrocution and drowning?cruel methods of catching?poorly equipped and managed holding facilities.Within any population of dogs there will be different categoriesof ownership.T
20、hese are:?owned with restricted movements?owned and allowed to roam?unowned.04There will be welfare issues relating to both restricted androaming dogs.However,for the purposes of this document,the aim of dog population management is defined as:“Tomanage roaming dog populations and the risks these ma
21、ypresent,including population size reduction when this isconsidered necessary”.Whether reducing the size of a roaming dog population isconsidered necessary will,to some extent,be subjective.Ineach situation there will be some people willing to tolerateroaming dogs and others who will not.For example
22、,somemembers of the public and government authorities areconcerned with public health and safety problems associatedwith roaming dog populations,including:?transmission of disease to humans(zoonoses)and otheranimals?injury and fear caused by aggressive behaviour?nuisance through noise and fouling?li
23、vestock predation?causing of road traffic accidents.On the other hand,in some countries roaming dogs may bevalued,owned animals that are allowed to roam unrestrictedby the local community.A reduction in their numbers may beneither necessary nor wanted,but improving the welfare andhealth of the popul
24、ation and reducing zoonotic risks may stillbe recognised as beneficial and desirable.A roaming dog can be either owned or unowned.It is theresponsible ownership of a dog that prevents it beingconsidered a problem by other members of the community.This document considers management options that addre
25、ssboth categories(owned and unowned)of dog.Owned roaming dog in Portugal.RSPA International05TOTAL DOG POPULATIONCONFINED/CONTROLLEDROAMINGDOGS IN BREEDING/COMMERCIAL SUPPLY CHAINOWNEDDOGSLOSTREUNITEDABANDONMENTRESPONSIBLE OWNERSHIPREHOMINGOwned dogs-lostOwned dogs-abandonedOwned dogs-roamingUnowned
26、 dogs born roamingFigure 1:Sub-populations of the total dog populationThe diagram shows the sub-populations into which the totaldog population can be partitioned.Note that these categoriesare fluid and dogs may move between categories,as indicatedby the arrows.DefinitionsRoaming dogOne that is not c
27、urrently under direct control or is not currentlyrestricted by a physical barrier.This term is often used inter-changeably with free-roaming,free-ranging or stray dog.Note that this term encompasses both owned and unownedroaming dogs and does not distinguish whether the dog has anowner or guardian;i
28、ndeed in many countries the majority ofdogs that would be defined as roaming do have an owner butare allowed to roam on public property for all or part of the day.Owned dogFor the purposes of this document,an owned dog is one thatsomeone states is their property or claims some right over simply put,
29、when enquiries are made about a dog someone willsay:“Thats my dog”.This does not necessarily mean it is aresponsibly owned dog.Indeed ownership can range from:loose ownership in the form of irregular feeding of a dog thatroams freely in the streets;to a dog kept as part of acommercial breeding facil
30、ity;to a well cared for,legallyregistered and confined pet.In reality,what constitutes dogownership is highly variable and fits along a spectrum ofconfinement,provision of resources such as food and shelterand the significance of companionship.Community dogThere may also be situations where more tha
31、n one individualclaims ownership of an animal and these can be known ascommunity dogs.Responsible animal ownershipIt is a principle of animal welfare that owners have a duty toprovide sufficient and appropriate care for all their animals andtheir offspring.This duty of care requires owners to provid
32、ethe resources(e.g.food,water,health care and socialinteraction)necessary for an individual dog to maintain anacceptable level of health and well-being in its environment the Five Freedoms2serve as a useful guide.Owners also havea duty to minimise the potential risk their dog may pose to thepublic o
33、r other animals.In some countries this is a legalrequirement.TerminologyFrom a population management perspective,we feel it is mostuseful to characterise the dogs first in terms of their behaviouror location(in other words,whether they are confined orroaming)and then by their ownership status.This i
34、s illustratedin Figure 1,below.Terms appearing in the diagram areexplained under Definitions.Fisherman and community dog in India.RSPCA International2.Freedom from hunger and thirst;freedom from discomfort;freedom frompain,injury or disease;freedom to express normal behaviour;freedom fromfear and di
35、stress.Farm Animal Welfare Council(FAWC):www.fawc.org.uk/freedoms.htmH U M A N ED O GP O P U L A T I O NM A N A G E M E N TG U I D A N C E:I C A M06Consider and prioritise factors affectingpopulation size:?Human attitudes and behaviour?Dog reproductive capacity?Access to resourcesFactors motivating
36、animal control:?Zoonotic disease?Current roaming dog population?What is the current size of the dog population andsubpopulations within it?Where are the dogs coming from and why doesthis source exist?What welfare problems do the dogs face?What are the problems caused by the dogs(realor perceived)and
37、 what is currently being done tocontrol these problems?Who is responsible forthis control?What is currently being done to control the size ofthe population and why?Who is responsible?Who are the relevant stakeholders?Education?Legislation?Registration and identification?Sterilisation and contracepti
38、on?Holding facilities and rehoming centres?Euthanasia?Vaccination and treatment?Controlling access to resources?Planning for sustainability?Aims,objectives and activities?Setting standards for animal welfare?Identifying indicators that can be used to monitorand evaluate each stage of the programmeE.
39、Monitoring(page 19)A continuous process resulting in re-adjustmentof implementationE.Implementation(page 19)?Carry out activities?Maintain minimum standards throughoutE.Evaluate(page 19)A periodic process to re-assess the situation and strategyContent structureThis document follows the structure exp
40、lained in Figure 2:A process overview,below.Figure 2:A process overviewC.Components of a comprehensive dog population management programme(pages 1216)B.Influential factors in dog population management(pages 0811)A.Initial data collection and assessment(page 07)D.Designing the intervention(pages 1718
41、)07consideration and their input used to design and drive thefuture intervention.This will encourage buy-in from thestakeholders and will inevitably improve the success of theprogramme.Creating a multi-stakeholder committeeIdeally,it will be the duty of the responsible governmentauthority to bring t
42、ogether stakeholders for consultation.However,if they are unwilling or unable to do this,NGOs cancreate a working group themselves and feed back the findingsto the relevant authorities.For further information ondeveloping a consultative process see Annex B.The following is a list of possible stakeho
43、lders to be consulted.Those marked with a*are recommended as minimumrequirements of the committee.?Government*usually local,but central will also berelevant for policy and statutes.Will be the key stakeholderif the programme is national.Several departments are likelyto be relevant,including agricult
44、ure/veterinary,health,environment(especially with regard to refuse collection),tourism,education and sanitation.(The government must berepresented on the committee).?Veterinary community*national governing body,veterinary professional association,private practitionerclusters and university veterinar
45、y department.?NGO community*local,national and internationalorganisations working in animal welfare,animal rights andhuman health.?Animal sheltering,fostering and rehoming community*both government/municipality-run and private/NGO-runorganisations.?Academic communities with relevant experience e.g.a
46、nimal behaviour,veterinary science,sociology,ecology andepidemiology.?Legislators*departments responsible for both writingand enforcing legislation.?Educators in schools and universities.?Local media for education,publicity and local support.?International bodies with relevant responsibilities World
47、 Health Organisation(WHO),World Organisation forAnimal Health(OIE)and worldwide veterinary associations.?Local community leaders/representatives*?Local community both dog owners and non-owners.07A.Initial data collection and assessment:Understand the problem you are facingBefore embarking on a dog p
48、opulation management programme it is essential that the dynamics of the dog population areunderstood and measured objectively.This approach ensures the final management programme will be tailored to thecharacteristics of the local dog population,rather than using a single blanket intervention for al
49、l dogs or all situations.Assessing the local dog populationThe main questions to be explored through the assessment areas follows:1.What is the current size of the dog population and thecategories within it?This includes both owned andunowned,confined and roaming dogs,and where theseoverlap.2.Where
50、are the roaming dogs coming from?What are thesources of these dogs and why do these sources exist?Management strategies should aim to reduce the futureunwanted roaming population by targeting the primarysources.3.What are the main welfare issues faced by these dogs?4.What is currently being done,bot