1、5G in PerspectiveA Pragmatic Guide to Whats NextMassiveM2MMissionCriticalEnhancedMobileBroadbandSmart Cities Industrial Internet of ThingsAutonomous Driving Vehicle-to-Everything Smart Sensors Augmented R|2Copyright 2017 Skyworks Solutions,Inc.All Rights Reserved.White Paper|5G in Perspective:A Prag
2、matic Guide to Whats NextTable of ContentsExecutive Summary .3Introduction .4Insatiable Demand for Ubiquitous LTE Data .4The Buffering Wheel is the New Dropped Call .5Key Factors Impacting LTE Data Rates .7Current State of LTE .8Speed Thrills .8Developing Markets are Fueling LTE Growth and Will Requ
3、ire Optimized Solutions .9The Gigabit Era LTE Advanced Pro to 5G .123GPP Standards Leading Towards 5G .12LTE Features that Contribute to Increased User Equipment(UE)Data Rates .14Carrier Aggregation(CA).14Modulation(Bits per Symbol).15MIMO Order .16Putting It All Together to Increase Peak and Typica
4、l Data Rates .18Application Examples of Premium and Value Tier Solutions .20Whats Next:Preparing for 5G New Radio Networks and Devices .21Spectrum in 5G .22New Technologies That Are Required to Serve 5G.23Summary:Enabling Gbps in User Equipment .24Key Differences between 4G and 5G Radio Interfaces .
5、24Contact Information .26References .26White Paper AuthorsPeter Gammel,Ph.D.Chief Technology OfficerDavid R.Pehlke,Ph.D.Senior Technical Director,Systems EngineeringDominique BrunelTechnical Director,StandardizationStephen J.Kovacic,Ph.D.Director,Advanced Technology GroupKevin WalshSenior Director,M
6、obile M|3Copyright 2017 Skyworks Solutions,Inc.All Rights Reserved.White Paper|5G in Perspective:A Pragmatic Guide to Whats Next3VRNetwork:Fronthaul/Backhaul Capacity and DensificationUltra-reliable Low Latency CommunicationMassiveMachine-TypeCommunicationEnhancedMobileBroadbandExecutive SummarySix
7、years after the advent of Long Term Evolution(LTE),it is helpful to look back at the truly transformational effect it has had on peoples lives around the world.One can argue that the arrival of LTE has had a larger impact than any other single technology to further both developed and emerging econom
8、ies,as its benefits extend to all types of end users.With increased smartphone adoption and access to data through LTE services,the mobile industry is now the worlds largest innovation engine.Billions of new users have gained access to information through the Internet,which has driven more new econo
9、mic opportunities than could have ever been imagined.Regardless of geography,socioeconomic class,education level or ethnicity,the fruits of access are evident across the globe.Today,approximately 4.8 billion people worldwide subscribe to a mobile service almost two-thirds of the worlds population wi
10、th that number expected to reach 5.6 billion unique subscribers by 2020.In most parts of the world,mobile is the leading platform for Internet access,particularly when you consider the lack of alternative infrastructure in some regions.By the end of this decade,close to 60 percent of the global popu
11、lation will have access to mobile Internet;however,this still leaves 40 percent of the world without access1.Figure 1.The 5G Ecosystem:Enabling a Mobilized EconomyFuture growth will be fueled by extending network coverage to rural areas,improving affordability of mobile services,delivering locally r
12、elevant content and increasing digital skills and literacy.The future is not just about connectivity,however.It is about the opportunities enabled by this connectivity(see Figure 1).It is about connecting everyone and everything to a more efficient way of doing things.Society has an opportunity to l
13、everage mobile networks and services to help achieve a“mobilized economy”globally.LTE is the best global,scalable and secure communications network capable of providing individuals,communities,corporations and governments with tools to grow their own innovative platforms and initiatives.This paper e
14、xamines the current state of LTE networks and the ways it could evolve to deliver a gigabit-per-second user experience.To accomplish this,the ecosystem will need to deliver 100 x data throughput improvement.As a premier provider of RF front-end solutions,Skyworks believes we have the capability to e
15、nable this evolution using tools and techniques provided in the LTE specification leading up to the release of 5G.Additionally,this paper explores the impact of new 5G services from the mobile and fixed wireless perspective.1 GSMA.2016 Mobile Industry Impact Report:Sustainable Development Goals.Sept
16、ember 19,|4Copyright 2017 Skyworks Solutions,Inc.All Rights Reserved.White Paper|5G in Perspective:A Pragmatic Guide to Whats NextIntroductionWireless connectivity has expanded far beyond smartphones and WLAN routers,but we are still in the early stages of expanding beyond person-to-person communica
17、tions as device-to-device connectivity in connected homes,machine-to-machine,industrial and automotive segments become more commonplace.New and exciting applications are bringing together deep learning,artificial intelligence and“ambient awareness.”As a consequence,we are interacting with the world
18、in new and more beneficial ways.In the near future,we believe these technology advancements will enable people to lead fuller and richer lives based on todays innovations(see Figure 2).While these segments all share the LTE backbone,there are different requirements driving unique solutions,and there
19、fore broadening the LTE content space.Given that much has transpired with a few generations of cellular standards,you may ask what the future will bring.Skyworks believes we are in the early stages of even greater evolution as we progress to 5G.The way we do business and interact with each other may
20、 be scarcely recognizable to many of us in 20 years,yet entirely ordinary to our children.Global Macro Trends Shaping the FutureMobility and always-on connectivity are leading to ambient awareness,which is fueled by the insatiable demand for ubiquitous data.The next wave of growth will be driven by
21、emerging markets.5G,Automation,and Internet of Things is built upon an LTE backbone with security and scalability.Insatiable Demand for Ubiquitous LTE Data Numerous studies from Cisco,Ericsson,Huawei and the GSMA have well documented the exponential growth of data consumption.It is truly a virtuous
22、cycle starting with the availability of LTE data.When you combine mobility(smartphones),good network performance,and desirable content,you create a data flywheel effect(see Figure 3)whereby more and more data is consumed as the user experience improves.This data demand has been the goal of the mobil
23、e industry since the inception of LTE.With every new release of the Third Generation Partnership Program(3GPP)standard,techniques to improve the data throughput of modern smartphones have been proposed,validated,then implemented in both networks and user equipment(UE).Each technique applied moves th
24、e flywheel successively faster,opening up new and more data-intensive applications,which serve as catalysts for growth of the mobile networks.Consequently,mobile data rates are on track to surpass wired network data rates and push global initiatives that accelerate mobilized economies and spur DataM
25、ore DataBigDataPerformanceBetterPerformanceHigherPerformanceFigure 3.Data Flywheel Effect Figure 2.Global Macro T|5Copyright 2017 Skyworks Solutions,Inc.All Rights Reserved.White Paper|5G in Perspective:A Pragmatic Guide to Whats Nextinnovation.These studies show the direct correlation between incre
26、ased use of LTE data with more advanced smartphones,faster processors,larger display sizes,and networks with higher peak speeds.New applications are being created daily thanks to revolutionary advances made in devices and networks.Social networking with a mobile app is driving large content demand a
27、s profile updates,pictures,and videos of day-to-day activities get uploaded to the World Wide Web.According to some research reports,streaming audio services are estimated to grow 45%from 2015 to 2020.In that same time,streaming video will be the number one driver of mobile traffic with estimated gr
28、owth from 55%to 72%of the total mobile data traffic.These applications are just the beginning.Improvements in data throughput will allow augmented and virtual reality applications to become common.In addition,we foresee large growth in connected vehicles as we move toward augmented and autonomous dr
29、iving.The transition to more experiential activities such as augmented and virtual reality will place higher demand on networks and devices requiring greater bandwidth and lower latency.A quick scan of the YouTube video sharing website reveals that uploads are migrating from low fidelity to HD and e
30、ven ultra HD 4K video,commensurate with device and network upgrades.The Buffering Wheel is the New Dropped CallResults from the Ericsson Mobility Report(Ericsson,2016)indicate there is a new LTE satisfaction index,similar to the dropped call scenarios that bothered consumers in the past.In order to
31、quantify a consumers need for speed,Ericsson polled consumers and determined a time-to-content key performance indicator(KPI).The time-to-content KPI is a measure of whether users have a positive or negative experience when they are downloading or using smartphones.Instantaneous data access translat
32、es to superior consumer satisfaction and,as the time to download content increases,the experience will be more disappointing.Ericssons report demonstrates that most consumers need to see reaction times below six seconds in order to report a positive experience(see Figure 4).There are a number of net
33、work factors that affect the user experience:the network condition,whether the call is initiated inside or outside a building,the distance to a base station,and how many simultaneous users are requesting support at the particular base station they are using to access the network.Frankly,consumers do
34、 not care about what goes on behind the scenes.They want instantaneous access 35302520151050Network Cell Loading%Time to Content KPI0%50%Seconds100%Negative ExperienceLOADINGPositiveExperienceFigure 4.Target Time-to-Content User Experience Time to Content KPI|6Copyright 2017 Skyworks Solutions,Inc.A
35、ll Rights Reserved.White Paper|5G in Perspective:A Pragmatic Guide to Whats Next60 Mbps30 Mbps20 Mbps10 Mbps1530Latency(mS)050Satisfaction%1004560to information and they want the same experience no matter the time of the day,where theyre located in the world,or whatever the circumstances.Huawei,a le
36、ading Chinese provider of mobile communications platforms,performed a similar investigation looking at consumer behavior related to mobile video experience in an attempt to quantify user perception.The Direct Correlation Between Mobile Advertising and Improved Mobile Networks Globally“So if you thin
37、k about what is enabling video to become huge right now,its that fundamentally the mobile networks are getting to a point where a large enough(number of)people around the world can have a good experience watching a video.If you go back a few years and you tried to load a video in News Feed,it might
38、have to buffer for 30 seconds before you watched it,which wasnt a good enough experience for that to be the primary way that people shared.But now it loads instantly.You can take a video and upload it without having to take five minutes to do that,so its a good experience.-Mark Zuckerberg,Facebook C
39、EO(Gibbs,2016)Figure 5.Time to Content KPI Date Rate and Latency Satisfaction Index by Data RateThe results were reported in the Mobile Video Report-a Key Driver of Mobile Market Value white paper(Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.,2016).In Figure 5,customer satisfaction is measured based on a U-vMOS scor
40、e and the impact of data rates and end-to-end round-trip time or latency on those scores.U-vMOS is a video mean opinion scorea subjective opinion of relative quality of video experience.From this chart,it is apparent that higher data |7Copyright 2017 Skyworks Solutions,Inc.All Rights Reserved.White
41、Paper|5G in Perspective:A Pragmatic Guide to Whats Nextrates and lower latency generated a more positive consumer experience.That,concisely,is the goal for all the mobile operators and device manufacturersimproving consumer experience on their network.Key Factors Impacting LTE Data RatesPreviously,w
42、e mentioned that there are many factors affecting the mobile users experience.First,we will frame these factors through the embodiment of 3GPP standards,as implemented on the mobile operator network.Then we will discuss some of the device implications by reviewing both theoretical peak data rates(as
43、 defined in standards)and the typical user experience on todays mobile networks.To understand issues around data rates,one useful analogy in visualizing LTE data is to think of it as water traveling through a hose.3GPP and network operators are employing as many techniques as possible to carry as mu
44、ch water as possible,and as quickly as possible,to get more data to and from the user.We will cover these concepts in more technical detail later,but suffice it to say that increased network capacity can be obtained in two ways:1)Widening the hose for more capacity;and2)Turning the water pressure hi
45、gher,turning the spigot on to make data go faster.Also,we cannot forget that we need to supply high capacity pumps and drains for the system to work,so there should be higher capacity fronthaul/backhaul networks in place as well.3GPP standards use a system to enumerate data speed capacity,referred t
46、o as device category to denote the maximum peak speed achievable under a set of conditions.Device Category,or CAT as it is commonly known,indicates the theoretical maximum download or upload data rates that can be supported in the device using existing network.As seen in Table 1 and Table 2,the LTE
47、category peak data rate(Mbps)is mainly defined by channel bandwidth,modulation order,the number of component carriers(also known as Carrier Aggregation,or CA)and the number of multiple-input,multiple-output(MIMO)layers.Peak data rates are configured using multiple variables,and the category is typic
48、ally quantified by the highest theoretical data rate that can be achieved with the maximal allowable configuration supported by the device and network.Network operators and device manufacturers will sometimes refer to the 3GPP device category when discussing the peak data rates of their networks or
49、devices,respectively.We can make some observations of the Device Category information in Table 1 and Table 2:Downlink and uplink data rates are asymmetrical,with downlink(network to device)streams typically faster than uplinkDownlinkCategoryData RateMbit/sCarrier Aggregation (#of CC)Max.Bandwidth(MH
50、z)Modulation(QAM)MIMO Order5G1916003 or more100*64 or 2562 or 41812004 or more100*64 or 2562 or 4161000510064 or 2562 or 4Class Leading11,126003 or more6064 or 2562 or 49,10450360642CA Starts6,7300240642Legacy4150120642110120641IoT0,M1111.4161NB10.14410.18161Measure of how fast data can be transferr