1、 2019 Trade Policy Agenda and 2018 Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreements Program Office of the United States Trade Representative Ambassador Robert E.Lighthizer FOREWORD The 2019 Trade Policy Agenda and 2018 Annual Report of the President of the United States on
2、 the Trade Agreements Program are submitted to the Congress pursuant to Section 163 of the Trade Act of 1974,as amended(19 U.S.C.2213).Chapter V and Annex III of this document meet the requirements of Sections 122 and 124 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act with respect to the World Trade Organizati
3、on.The discussion on the Generalized System of Preferences(GSP)in Chapter III satisfies the reporting requirement contained in the Consolidated Appropriations Act,2018(Pub.L.115-141,div.M,title V,501(c).This report includes an annex listing trade agreements entered into by the United States since 19
4、84.Data for 2018 presented in this report are annualized based on 11 months of data for goods and services unless otherwise specified.The Office of the United States Trade Representative(USTR)is responsible for the preparation of this report and gratefully acknowledges the contributions of all USTR
5、staff to the writing and production of this report and notes,in particular,the contributions of Will Davis,Billy S.Glass,Samuel Gruber,Julie McNees,Nathaniel Moulton,and Lida Weinstock.Appreciation is extended to partner Trade Policy Staff Committee agencies.March 2019 LIST OF FREQUENTLY USED ACRONY
6、MS AD.Antidumping AGOA.African Growth and Opportunity Act APEC.Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ASEAN.Association of Southeast Asian Nations BIT.Bilateral Investment Treaty BOP.Balance of Payments CAFTA-DR.Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement CBERA.Caribbean Basin E
7、conomic Recovery Act CBI.Caribbean Basin Initiative CVD.Countervailing Duty DDA.Doha Development Agenda DOL.U.S.Department of Labor DSB.WTO Dispute Settlement Body DSU.WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding EU.European Union FOIA.Freedom of Information Act GATT.General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade G
8、ATS.General Agreement on Trade in Services GDP.Gross Domestic Product GI.Geographical Indications GPA.WTO Agreement on Government Procurement GSP.Generalized System of Preferences ICTIME.Interagency Center on Trade Implementation,Monitoring,and Enforcement ILO.International Labor Organization IPR.In
9、tellectual Property Rights ITA.WTO Information Technology Agreement KORUS.United States-Korea Free Trade Agreement MFN.Most-Favored Nation MOU.Memorandum of Understanding NAFTA.North American Free Trade Agreement OECD.The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development SBA.U.S.Small Business A
10、dministration SME.Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise SPS.Sanitary and Phytosanitary TAA.Trade Adjustment Assistance TBT.Technical Barriers to Trade TFA.WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement TIFA.Trade and Investment Framework Agreement TPRG.Trade Policy Review Group TPSC.Trade Policy Staff Committee TRIMS
11、.Trade-Related Investment Measures TRIPS.Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights TRQ.Tariff-Rate Quota URAA.Uruguay Round Agreements Act USAID.U.S.Agency for International Development USMCA.United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement USTR.United States Trade Representative WTO.World Trade Organization
12、TABLE OF CONTENTS I.THE PRESIDENTS 2019 TRADE POLICY AGENDA.1 II.AGREEMENTS AND NEGOTIATIONS.1 A.Concluded Negotiations.1 1.United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement/North American Free Trade Agreement.1 2.United State-Korea Free Trade Agreement.4 B.Agreements Notified for Negotiation.5 1.United StatesE
13、uropean Union Trade Agreement.5 2.United StatesJapan Trade Agreement.6 3.United StatesUnited Kingdom Trade Agreement.6 C.Free Trade Agreements in Force.7 1.Australia.7 2.Bahrain.7 3.Central America and the Dominican Republic.8 4.Chile.13 5.Colombia.15 6.Israel.16 7.Jordan.17 8.Morocco.18 9.Oman.19 1
14、0.Panama.20 11.Peru.21 12.Singapore.23 D.Other Negotiating Initiatives.24 1.The Americas.24 2.Europe and the Middle East.26 3.Japan,Republic of Korea,and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum.28 4.China,Hong Kong,Taiwan,and Mongolia.30 5.Southeast Asia and the Pacific.32 6.Sub-Saharan Africa.3
15、3 7.South and Central Asia.35 III.TRADE ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES.39 A.Overview.39 B.Section 301.42 C.WTO Dispute Settlement.45 D.Other Activities.46 1.Other Monitoring and Enforcement Activities.46 2.Monitoring Foreign Standards-related Measures and SPS Barriers.48 3.Special 301.49 4.Section 1377 Revi
16、ew of Telecommunications Agreements.51 5.Antidumping Actions.51 6.Countervailing Duty Actions.52 7.Other Import Practices.53 8.Generalized System of Preferences.55 9.The African Growth and Opportunity Act.58 IV.OTHER TRADE ACTIVITIES.61 A.Manufacturing and Trade.61 B.Protecting Intellectual Property
17、.62 C.Promoting Digital Trade and Electronic Commerce.64 D.Trade and the Environment.65 1.Bilateral and Regional Activities.65 2.Multilateral and Regional Fora.70 E.Trade and Labor.71 1.Bilateral Agreements and Preference Programs.71 2.International Organizations.76 3.Trade Adjustment Assistance.77
18、F.Small and Medium-Sized Business Initiative.78 G.Agriculture and Trade.81 1.Opening Export Markets for American Agriculture.81 2.Negotiating Trade Agreements for American Agriculture.83 3.Bilateral and Regional Activities.84 4.Cross-Cutting SPS Initiatives and Issues.87 5.Agriculture in the World T
19、rade Organization.90 6.Enforcing Trade Agreements for American Agriculture.93 H.Trade Capacity Building.93 1.The Enhanced Integrated Framework.93 2.U.S.Trade-Related Assistance under the World Trade Organization Framework.94 3.TCB Initiatives for Africa.95 4.Free Trade Agreements.96 5.Standards Alli
20、ance.96 I.Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.97 1.Trade Committee Work Program.97 2.Trade Committee Dialogue with Non-OECD Members.98 3.Other OECD Work Related to Trade.99 V.THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION.101 A.Introduction.101 B.WTO Negotiating Groups.102 1.Committee on Agriculture
21、,Special Session.102 2.Council for Trade in Services,Special Session.104 3.Negotiating Group on Non-Agricultural Market Access.104 4.Negotiating Group on Rules.105 5.Dispute Settlement Body,Special Session.106 6.Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights,Special Session.107 7.
22、Committee on Trade and Development,Special Session.108 C.Work Programs Established in the Doha Development Agenda.110 1.Working Group on Trade,Debt,and Finance.110 2.Working Group on Trade and Transfer of Technology.111 3.Work Program on Electronic Commerce.111 D.General Council Activities.112 E.Cou
23、ncil for Trade in Goods.113 1.Committee on Agriculture.114 2.Committee on Market Access.116 3.Committee on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures.118 4.Committee on Trade-Related Investment Measures.119 5.Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.120 6.Committee on Customs V
24、aluation.125 7.Committee on Rules of Origin.126 8.Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade.128 9.Committee on Antidumping Practices.131 10.Committee on Import Licensing.133 11.Committee on Safeguards.135 12.Committee on Trade Facilitation.137 13.Working Party on State Trading Enterprises.138 F.Counc
25、il on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.139 G.Council for Trade in Services.144 1.Committee on Trade in Financial Services.145 2.Working Party on Domestic Regulation.145 3.Working Party on GATS Rules.146 4.Committee on Specific Commitments.146 H.Dispute Settlement Understanding.1
26、47 I.Trade Policy Review Body.201 J.Other General Council Bodies and Activities.203 1.Committee on Trade and Environment.203 2.Committee on Trade and Development.203 3.Committee on Balance-of-Payments Restrictions.206 4.Committee on Budget,Finance and Administration.206 5.Committee on Regional Trade
27、 Agreements.207 6.Accessions to the World Trade Organization.208 K.Plurilateral Agreements.212 1.Committee on Trade in Civil Aircraft.212 2.Committee on Government Procurement.213 3.The Information Technology Agreement and the Expansion of Trade in Information Technology Products.217 VI.TRADE POLICY
28、 DEVELOPMENT.219 A.Policy Coordination.219 B.Public Input and Transparency.219 1.Transparency Guidelines and Chief Transparency Officer.220 2.Public Outreach.221 3.The Trade Advisory Committee System.221 4.State and Local Government Relations.224 5.Freedom of Information Act(FOIA).225 C.Congressiona
29、l Consultations.226 ANNEX I:U.S.TRADE IN 2018.1 I.2018 Overview.1 II.Export Growth.3 III.Imports.5 IV.The U.S.Trade Balance.7 ANNEX II:U.S.TRADE-RELATED AGREEMENTS AND DECLARATIONS.1 I.Agreements That Have Entered Into Force.1 II.Agreements That Have Been Negotiated,.26 III.Other Trade-Related Agree
30、ments,Understandings and Declarations.28 ANNEX III:BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE WTO.39 THE PRESIDENTS 2019 TRADE POLICY AGENDA I.THE PRESIDENTS 2019 TRADE POLICY AGENDA|1 I.THE PRESIDENTS TRADE POLICY AGENDA INTRODUCTION Since President Trump took office,Americans have benefited from an improving e
31、conomy.In 2016,U.S.gross domestic product grew by only 1.6 percent.But in 2017,that figure grew to 2.2 percent.And last year,U.S.gross domestic product grew by 2.9 percent higher than that of any other G-7 country.1 Over the last two years,the United States has created 4.8 million new jobs,including
32、 over 450,000 new manufacturing jobs.Not only are more Americans working,but Americans are also taking home bigger paychecks.Nominal average hourly earnings for American workers rose by 3.3 percent from December 2017 to December 2018.2 Inflation also remained in check with prices increasing by only
33、1.9 percent since December 2017.3 Americans who trade have shared in this growth.In 2017,U.S.merchandise exports totaled$1.6 trillion,more than six percent higher than 2016 levels.4 Over the same period,U.S.services exports rose 5.1 percent,an increase of nearly$40 billion.5 In 2018,U.S.exports rose
34、 even further.By November 2018 the last month for which data is available U.S.exports of goods and services were up seven percent from the same period in 2017.6 American export growth in 2018 included increases in U.S.exports of autos,foods and beverages,and industrial supplies,as compared to their
35、levels during the first eleven months of 2017.7 Imports have also grown.In 2017,the United States imported more than$2.3 trillion in goods an increase of seven percent from 2016 levels.8 By November 2018 the last month for which data is available as of February 2019 U.S.imports had increased a furth
36、er eight percent over their 2017 levels for the same period.These facts show that under the policies of the Trump Administration,U.S.trade has grown significantly.This recent trade growth has contributed to a historic streak of positive job gains.U.S.job creation grew from 2.2 million in 2017 to 2.7
37、 million in 2018.9 Over 2018,job growth averaged 223,000 jobs per month.Significantly,this growth was consistently solid throughout 2018,as the U.S.economy added over 100,000 jobs every month over the year.10 Notably,2018 marks only the second time since 2000 that such consistent job growth has occu
38、rred for a full calendar year.11 1 See Bureau of Economic Analysis,News Release(February 28,2018),https:/www.bea.gov/system/files/2018-03/gdp4q17_3rd.pdf.2 See Bureau of Labor Statistics,Current Employment Statistics Highlights(December 2018),https:/www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ceshighlights.pdf.3 Bureau
39、of Labor Statistics,Real EarningsDecember 2018,https:/www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/realer.pdf 4 U.S.Trade in Goods and Services,https:/www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/historical/gands.pdf.5 U.S.Trade in Goods and Services,https:/www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/historical/gands.pdf 6
40、Monthly U.S.International Trade in Goods and Services,November 2018,https:/www.census.gov/foreign-trade/Press-Release/2018pr/11/ft900.pdf.7 Real Exports of Goods by Principal End-Use Category(Seasonally Adjusted),Chained(2012)U.S.Dollars,https:/www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/historical/real
41、exp.pdf.8 Trade in Goods with World,Seasonally Adjusted,https:/www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c0004.html.9 See Bureau of Labor Statistics,Current Employment Statistics Highlights (December 2018),https:/www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ceshighlights.pdf;Bureau of Labor Statistics,Current Employment Stati
42、stics Highlights(December 2017),https:/www.bls.gov/ces/highlights122017.pdf.10 See Bureau of Labor Statistics,Archived Current Employment Statistics Monthly Highlights,January December 2018,https:/www.bls.gov/ces/ceshilightsarch.htm.11 See Council of Economic Advisers,2018 Ends with 312,000 Jobs Cre
43、ated in December;Strong Year for the Job Market(Jan.4,2019),https:/www.whitehouse.gov/articles/2018-ends-312000-jobs-created-december-strong-year-job-market/.I.THE PRESIDENTS 2019 TRADE POLICY AGENDA|2 This 2018 job growth includes significant gains in manufacturing employment.12 Manufacturing has b
44、een a bright spot since President Trumps election.From 2013 to 2016,the United States created an average of 8,000 manufacturing jobs per month.In the two years of the Trump Administration,that average has grown to approximately 20,000 manufacturing jobs per month.Last year,the U.S.created 264,000 ne
45、w manufacturing jobs,13 the largest such increase in 21 years.14 These data indicate that the United States has made great strides in dealing with the challenges of globalization challenges that have bedeviled most of the developed world in recent years.Over the last two years,the United States has
46、shown that a developed country can experience broad economic growth that is shared by workers including workers in the manufacturing sector.Trade policy plays a vital role in this effort.Under the leadership of President Trump,American trade policy is generating benefits for American workers.While m
47、uch remains to be done,the Administration has already made significant progress toward implementing its trade agenda.Our goal is to ensure that hard work and innovation are rewarded,while unfair trade practices and illegal government subsidies are punished.As our policies continue to take effect,we
48、are confident that American workers and businesses will benefit from the chance to compete in a fairer world.As described below,the Trump Administration inherited a significantly flawed trading system,with problems that affected U.S.trade agreements as well as global trade institutions.That system r
49、ewarded countries like China that engaged in unfair and market-distorting trading practices from industrial subsidies to theft of intellectual property.That system also encouraged outsourcing of manufacturing jobs to countries with significantly weaker labor and environmental standards than the Unit
50、ed States.These and other flaws were hurting U.S.businesses and workers and leading to concerns about globalization throughout the developed world.When President Trump took office,the U.S.manufacturing sector had endured massive job losses,and wages had stagnated or even declined for many American f