1、See online version for legend and references.188 Cell 136,January 9,2009 2009 Elsevier Inc.DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2008.12.035SnapShot:Centriole BiogenesisMnica Bettencourt-Dias1 and David M.Glover21Instituto Gulbenkian de Cincia,Oeiras,Portugal;2University of Cambridge,Cambridge,UKProteinPhenotype when
2、disruptedPCm Recruitment and duplicationSPD2(Ce,Dm)/CEP192(Hs)No centriole duplication(Ce);PCM recruited(Ce,Dm,and Hs);no basal body duplication(Dm)Asterless(Dm)/CEP152(Dr,Hs)Aberrant PCM recruitment(Dm)and centriole duplication(Dm and Dr)-Tubulin(Dm,Hs,Tt,Pt)/TBG(Ce)Aberrant centriole duplication(C
3、e,Hs,Tt),centriole structure and separation(Pt,Dm)Overexpression:de novo formation,amplifi cation of basal bodies(Tt)Triggers of BiogenesisSAK/PLK4(Dm,Hs)No duplication(Dm,Hs);no reduplication(Hs);no formation of basal bodies(Dm)Overexpression:amplifi cation(Dm,Hs);de novo formation(Dm)ZYG1(Ce)No du
4、plicationessential molecules for Centriole BiogenesisSAS6(Ce,Hs)/DSAS6(Dm)/Bld12(Cr)No duplication(Hs,Dm,Ce);no reduplication(Hs)Overexpression:amplifi cation(Dm,Hs)SAS4(Ce)/DSAS4(Dm)/CPAP(Hs)No duplication(Hs,Ce,Dm,Cr);no reduplication(Hs)SAS5(Ce)No duplicationCP110(Hs)/DCP110(Dm)No duplication(Dm)
5、;no reduplication or amplifi cation(Hs)Centrin(Hs)/Cdc31(Sc,Sp)/VLF2(Cr)/CEN2/3(Pt)/CEN1(Tt)No duplication(Sp,Sc,Tt);differing duplication results(Hs);aberrant centriole segregation(Cr),aberrant duplication geometry(Pt)SFL1(Sc)No SPB duplication-Tubulin(Hs);-PT1(Pt);UNI3(Cr)Centrioles with fewer C t
6、ubules(Cr,Pt)-Tubulin(Xl,Hs,Pt);Bld2(Cr)Centriole stability disrupted,singlets(Cr);no duplication(Xl,Pt);aberrant PCM organization(Xl)Ana1(Dm)No duplication Ana2(Dm)No duplication Ana3(Dm)No duplication Centrobin(Hs)No duplication Cep135(Hs)/BLD10(Cr)/DBld10(Dm)No amplifi cation upon SAK/PLK4 overex
7、pression(Hs);no duplication(Dm);disorganized microtubules(Hs);no basal body duplication(Cr)Overexpression:accumulation of particles(Hs)Cell-Cycle RegulatorsCDK2(Hs,Xl,Gg)No reduplication,normal duplication,needed for duplication in absence of CDK1Separase(Xl)No centriole disengagement,impaired dupli
8、cationSpliced Sgo1(Mm)Precocious centriole disengagementp53(Mm,Hs)Amplifi cationCHK1(Gg,Hs)No centrosome amplifi cation upon DNA damagePLK1(Hs)No reduplication in S phase-arrested cellsPLK2(Hs)No reduplication in S phase-arrested cellsMPS1(Hs,Mm,Sc)No reduplication(Hs,Mm;reports differ);normal dupli
9、cation(Dm);no spindle-pole-body duplicationBRCA1(Hs,Mm)Premature centriole separation and reduplication in S-G2 boundary(Hs);amplifi cation(Mm)Cdc14B(Hs)Amplifi cationPP2(Dm)Centrosome amplifi cationOverexpression:prevents reduplicationNucleophosmin/B23(Mm,Hs)Amplifi cationCAMKII(Xl)Blocks early ste
10、ps in duplicationCDK1(Dm,Sc)Amplifi cationSkp1,Skp2,Cul1,Slimb(SCF Complex)(Dm,Xl,Mm,Hs)Blocks separation of M-D pairs and reduplication(Xl);increased centrosome number(Dm,Mm)Geminin(Hs)Centrosome amplifi cationOverexpression:blocks reduplicationSnapShot:Centriole BiogenesisMnica Bettencourt-Dias1 a
11、nd David M.Glover21Instituto Gulbenkian de Cincia,Oeiras,Portugal;2University of Cambridge,Cambridge,UK188.e1 Cell 136,January 9,2009 2009 Elsevier Inc.DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2008.12.035Centrioles,Centrosomes,and CiliaThe centrosome is the primary microtubule-organizing center(MTOC)in animal cells.It re
12、gulates cell motility,adhesion,and polarity during interphase of the cell cycle and facilitates the organization of the spindle poles during mitosis.The centrosome comprises two centrioles that are surrounded by an electron-dense and protein-rich matrix called the pericentriolar material(PCM).The ca
13、nonical centriole has nine microtubule(MT)triplets and is 0.5 m long and 0.2 m in diameter.The mother centriole has subdistal and distal appendages,which dock cytoplasmic MTs and may anchor centrioles to the cell membrane to serve as basal bodies.Basal bodies seed the growth of the axoneme,the struc
14、ture that confers rigidity and motility to cilia and flagella.Cilia and flagella play critical roles in physiology,development,and disease.Most motile cilia display axonemes that have 9 doublets and 1 central pair(A),whereas nonmotile,primary cilia display 9 doublets with no central pair(B).Abnormal
15、ities in centrosomes occur in many types of cancer and can be associated with genomic instability.This is due to the fact that supernumerary and often irregular centrosomes can result in aberrant cell division as well as abnormalities during asymmetric cell division.Centriole BiogenesisComponents of
16、 the PCM,such as-tubulin,may play a role early in the process of centriole biogenesis.SAK/PLK4,a protein kinase of the Polo-like protein kinase family,is essential for centriole biogenesis in flies and in human cells.This kinase is also known to be mutated in hepatocellular carcinomas;mice that have
17、 only one copy of the gene encoding SAK/PLK4 are more prone to develop cancer.Overexpression of SAK/PLK4,or suppression of its degradation by the SCF/Slimb complex,leads to an increase in the number of centrioles,with each mother centriole being able to nucleate more than one daughter centriole at a
18、 time.Most strikingly,this kinase can trigger centriole formation de novo in Drosophila eggs or tissue culture cells depleted of centrioles.The first described intermediate showing nine-fold symmetry in centriole assembly is the cartwheel.Bld10/CEP135 and SAS6 are two essential components of the car
19、twheel.Mutations in those molecules most often result in failure to form centrioles or formation of centrioles with abnormal symmetry.Assembly and stabilization of centriole MTs are dependent on SAS4 and-tubulin.Posttranslational modification of MTs may also play a role.Another component,CP110,may b
20、e essential for capping the centriolar structure to regulate its length and function.Bld10,SAS6,and SAS4 all act downstream of SAK/PLK4 in canonical centriole biogenesis.SAS6 and SAS4 are also required downstream of SAK/PLK4 in de novo centriole formation,suggesting a unique pathway for centriole bi
21、ogenesis triggered by SAK/PLK4.The Centrosome CycleThe number of centrioles in a cell is controlled through a canonical duplication cycle that is coordinated with the chromosome duplication cycle.CDK1,CDK2,and Separase,among others proteins,may play a role in coordinating the two cycles.During centr
22、iole duplication,one new centriole(daughter)forms orthogonally to each existing centriole(mother)in a conservative fashion,once per cell cycle.Four consecutive steps in the centrosome cycle have been defined through electron microscopy:disengagement of the centrioles,nucleation of the daughter centr
23、ioles,elongation of the daughter centrioles,and separation of the centrosomes.Disengagement of centrioles is coordinated with chromatid segregation during mitotic exit and is required for duplication in the next cycle.Nucleation of daughter centrioles is coordinated with DNA synthesis,whereas centro
24、some separation occurs during G2 phase of the cell cycle.When the cell enters mitosis,it is equipped with two centrosomes that then participate in mitotic spindle assembly.SAS6 and SAK/PLK4 are tightly regulated during the cell cycle to prevent centriole amplification.AbbreviationsPCM,pericentriolar
25、 material;RNAi,RNA interference;M-D,mother-daughter.Reduplication refers to centrosome amplification in the context of cells arrested during S phase.Ce,Caenorhabditis elegans;Cr,Chlamydomonas reinhardtii;Dm,Drosophila melanogaster;Hs,Homo sapiens;Mm,Mus musculus;Pt,Paramecium tetraurelia;Sc,Sac-char
26、omyces cerevisiae;Sp,Schizosaccharomyces pombe;Tt,Tetrahymena thermophila;Gg,Gallus gallus;Dr,Danio rerio;Xl,Xenopus laevis.ACknowledgmenTsWe thank Z.Carvalho-Santos,A.Rodrigues-Martins,I.Cunha-Ferreira,and I.Bento for help with the figure.RefeRenCesAzimzadeh,J.,and Bornens,M.(2007).Structure and du
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28、 neural stem cells causes tumors that are not due to genome instability.Curr.Biol.18,12091214.Cunha-Ferreira,I.,Rodrigues-Martins,A.,Bento,I.,Riparbelli,M.,Zhang,W.,Laue,E.,Callaini,G.,Glover,D.,and Bettencourt-Dias,M.(2009).The SCF/Slimb ubiquitin ligase limits centrosome amplification through degr
29、adation of SAK/PLK4.Curr.Biol.Published online December 11,2008.10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.037.Kleylein-Sohn,J.,Westendorf,J.,Le Clech,M.,Habedanck,R.,Stierhof,Y.D.,and Nigg,E.A.(2007).Plk4-induced centriole biogenesis in human cells.Dev.Cell 13,190202.Loncarek,J.,Hergert,P.,Magidson,V.,and Khodjakov,A.(
30、2008).Control of daughter centriole formation by the pericentriolar material.Nat.Cell Biol.10,322328.Pelletier,L.,OToole,E.,Schwager,A.,Hyman,A.A.,and Muller-Reichert,T.(2006).Centriole assembly in Caenorhabditis elegans.Nature 444,619623.Rodrigues-Martins,A.,Riparbelli,M.,Callaini,G.,Glover,D.M.,an
31、d Bettencourt-Dias,M.(2007).Revisiting the role of the mother centriole in centriole biogenesis.Science 316,10461050.Strnad,P.,and Gonczy,P.(2008).Mechanisms of procentriole formation.Trends Cell Biol.18,389396.Tsou,M.F.,and Stearns,T.(2006).Mechanism limiting centrosome duplication to once per cell cycle.Nature 442,947951.