1、高考英语,新高考专用,第三部分句法专题八动词的非谓语形式,知识清单动词的非谓语形式专讲动词的非谓语形式,也叫非谓语动词,指不能单独作谓语,但同时仍保留动词某些特征的动词形式。动词的非谓语形式有动词不定式、动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式三类。动词的非谓语形式相当于名词、形容词或副词。动词的非谓语形式的功能如下:,考点一动词不定式动词不定式的基本形式为to do,在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。动词不定式同它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。动词不定式的不同形式及意义如下表:,一、动词不定式的句法功能1.作主语多数情况下用it代替不定式作形式主语,把不定式放在句子后保持结构平衡。例句To
2、 save time is to lengthen life.节约时间就是延长生命。It is a great pleasure to talk with him.与他谈话是一件很快乐的事。,2.作表语1)表示主语的职业、职责、性质等。例句I found a part-time job,which is to guide the patients.我找到了一份引导病人的兼职工作。2)主语往往是aim,purpose,idea,intention,plan,wish,decision,choice等。例句The intention of this book is to introduce pop
3、ular science.这本书旨在介绍通俗科学。,3.作宾语后加不定式作宾语的动词有:want,wish/hope,offer,decide,long,happen(碰巧),arrange,learn,refuse,promise,pretend,expect,afford等。例句How I wish to have another day off!我多么希望再有一天假期!She promised to come at nine oclock.她答应九点来的。,温馨提示动词不定式作宾语且后面有宾语补足语时,常用it作形式宾语,把真正的宾语即动词不定式放在后面。常用句型:consider/th
4、ink/believe/feel/make/find it+adj./n.+to do sth.。We thought it better to start early.我们认为早出发好些。,4.作宾语补足语1)带to的不定式作宾补,常见的词语有:ask,advise,allow,beg,cause,call on,enable,encourage,force,forbid,get,order,persuade,permit,require,teach,tell,want,warn,wish,wait for,expect等。例句The teacher advised students to
5、speak English in English classes.老师建议学生们在英语课上说英语。Parents shouldnt allow children to watch violent TV programmes.父母不应该允许孩子收看含暴力内容的电视节目。,2)不带to的不定式作宾补,常见的词语有:“一感”:feel;“二听”:hear,lis-ten to;“三使”:let,have,make;“五看”:see,watch,notice,observe,look at;“半帮助”:help后的不定式作宾补时加不加to都可以。例句The boss made the workers
6、work day and night.老板迫使工人们日夜干活。(主动)The workers were made to work day and night by the boss.工人们被老板逼着日夜干活。(被动),5.作定语1)被修饰的词被序数词、the only、the right或最高级修饰且与不定式有主动关系。例句Jim is the only one to win a medal in shooting.吉姆是唯一赢得射击比赛奖牌的人。2)动词不定式和被修饰词构成被动关系。若不定式中的动词为不及物动词,其后应加介词。例句The Browns have a comfortable h
7、ouse to live in.布朗一家有一所住起来舒服的房子。,3)decision,wish,chance,promise,plan,time,attempt,effort,right(权利),a-bility,patience后用不定式作定语,说明名词的内容。例句We made a plan to set up a club for car fans.我们制订了一个为汽车迷组建俱乐部的计划。,6.作状语1)目的状语,常用的结构有:to do,in order to do,so as to do,意为“为了做”。例句She raised her voice so as to make he
8、rself heard.为了让别人听见,她提高了嗓门儿。2)结果状语,常用的结构有:,例句We hurried to the station only to be told that the train had left.我们急匆匆赶到车站,结果被告知火车已开走了。温馨提示“be+形容词+动词不定式”结构中动词不定式作状语。常用的形容词有:glad,sad,happy,sorry,pleased,surprised,disappointed,delighted,shocked,ready,prepared,willing,quick,fit,lucky,easy,interesting,foo
9、l-ish。Her new friends were happy to explain things to her after class.她的新朋友们很高兴在课后向她解释一些事情。,二、“疑问词+不定式”结构“疑问词(when,where,how,what,which,who等)+不定式”结构在句中用作主语、表语、宾语。经常接“疑问词+不定式”作宾语的动词有:learn,ask,discuss,explain,know,remember,forget,understand,think,con-sider,wonder,show,tell,decide等。例句How to solve the
10、problem remains to be discussed.(作主语)如何解决这个问题仍需要讨论。My biggest headache is how to be polite in English.(作表语)我最头痛的问题是如何用英语礼貌地表达。Ill show you how to install the software.(作宾语)我给你演示一下如何安装这套软件。,考点二动词-ing形式动词-ing形式由“动词原形+-ing”构成,具有名词、形容词和副词特征。,一、动词-ing形式的句法功能动词-ing形式在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。1.作主语例句Studying
11、 and doing homework seem much more fun when you are at sea.当你在海上时,学习和做作业好像有趣多了。,温馨提示有时用it作形式主语,把动词-ing短语置于句末。常用句型如下:It is/was+doing.,2.作宾语1)动词宾语。动词-ing形式常出现在下列词语后:,例句He was considering taking the chair downstairs.他正考虑把那把椅子搬到楼下。2)介词宾语。动词-ing形式常出现在下列词语后:,2)介词宾语。动词-ing形式常出现在下列词语后:,例句Mary is looking for
12、ward to going back to Xian.玛丽正在盼望回西安。可将介词in省略的短语+(in)doing sth.3)形容词宾语。“be worth+动词-ing形式”表示“值得”,“be busy+动词-ing形式”表示“忙于”。例句Hes decided to get a look at the house and see if it was worth buying.他决定去瞧瞧那座房子,看是否值得买下。,3.作表语动词-ing形式作表语,与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。例句Jordan says that the secret of his s
13、uccess is learning from failure.(=Jordan says that learning from failure is the secret of his success.)乔丹说,他成功的秘诀在于从失败中吸取教训。,4.作定语单个动词-ing形式作定语时,常放在被修饰词的前面;动词-ing短语作定语时,则一般放在被修饰词之后。修饰nothing,something等或those时,动词-ing后置。例句Are there any living things on the moon?月球上有生物吗?The girl sitting next to me was
14、my friend.坐在我旁边的那个女孩是我的朋友。,5.作状语动词-ing形式作状语时,其逻辑主语是句子的主语,且二者为逻辑上的主动关系。1)表示原因,相当于一个原因状语从句。Smoking too much,he has suffered from lung cancer.(=As he smokes too much.)由于抽烟太多,他患了肺癌。2)表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句。Arriving at the cinema,they found the film had been over.(=When they arrived at the cinema.)到电影院时,他们发现电影
15、已经结束了。,3)表示条件,相当于一个条件状语从句。Working hard at your lessons,you are to succeed.(=If you work hard at your lessons.)如果你努力学习功课,你就能成功。4)表示让步,相当于一个让步状语从句。Taking more care,I still made quite a few mistakes.(=Although I took more care.)尽管我多加小心,还是犯了好多错误。5)表示伴随情况、补充说明或行为方式。I stood by the door,not daring to say a
16、 word.我站在门旁,不敢说一句话。,6)表示结果。The fire lasted nearly a month,leaving nothing valuable.大火持续了近一个月,什么有价值的东西都没留下。7)作评注性状语,修饰整个句子,独立存在,没有逻辑主语。常考词或短语有:,Judging from his worried face,we knew that he must have had some trouble.从他担心的表情来看,我们知道他一定遇到了一些麻烦。,温馨提示动词-ing形式作状语时,可根据需要在其前加上when,while,before,after,since,u
17、ntil,once,though,although,as long as,so long as,unless,as if,as though,even if,even though等。Dont talk while having dinner.吃饭时不要说话。,6.作补足语说明宾语的状态或性质,作宾语补足语,与宾语一起构成复合宾语。例句I found him lying on the grass.我发现他躺在草地上。把含宾语补足语的句子(如上句)改为被动句,原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例句He was found lying on the grass by me.他被我发现躺在草地上。,二
18、、动词-ing形式的复合结构当动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,要在动词-ing形式之前加上形容词性物主代词或名词所有格,这便构成了动词-ing形式的复合结构。例句Would you mind my/me using your dictionary?你介意我用一下你的词典吗?We offered him our congratulations on his passing the exams.我们祝贺他通过了考试。,三、动词-ing形式和动词不定式的比较1.作主语,例句Exploring the Amazon River needs courage.考察亚马孙河需要勇气。To e
19、xplore the Amazon River this summer has been very good news to us.今年夏天考察亚马孙河对我们来说是一条极好的消息。Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the U-nion.林肯说南方脱离联邦是不对的。The childrens loving nature can surely inspire their love for their family members.孩子对大自然的热爱肯定能激起他们对家庭成员的爱。,2.作宾语,考点三
20、动词-ed形式动词-ed形式也称为过去分词,表示已经完成的或被动的动作,在句子中起形容词或副词的作用,作定语、表语、补足语和状语。一、动词-ed形式的句法功能1.作定语单个动词-ed形式作定语时,常放在被修饰词的前面;动词-ed短语作定语时,则一般放在被修饰词之后。示例required courses必修课The question mentioned at the meeting has been solved.在会议上提到的问题已经被解决了。(被动),温馨提示动词-ed形式通常表示被动和完成的意义,相当于定语从句。不及物动词的-ed形式不表示被动,只强调动作完成。I received a l
21、etter written in English.=I received a letter which was written in English.我收到一封用英文写的信。(被动、完成)The ground is covered with fallen leaves.=The ground is covered with the leaves which have fallen.地上覆盖着落叶。(完成),2.作表语用于系动词后,表示主语的某种特征或性状。例句The shops have remained shut for a week.这些商店已经关门一周了。I was very surpr
22、ised to see little Jimmy run so fast in the game.看见小吉米在比赛中跑得这么快,我非常惊讶。The sun is already set.太阳已经下山了。,3.作宾语补足语说明宾语的状态或性质,与宾语一起构成复合宾语。一般及物动词的过去分词才能作宾补,表示被动或完成含义。例句I considered this problem settled.我认为这个问题解决了。温馨提示把含宾语补足语的句子改为被动句,原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。This song is often heard sung everywhere in China.这首歌在中国的
23、大街小巷都经常听见有人唱。,4.作状语动词-ed形式作状语,表示原因、时间、让步、条件、方式或伴随情况等。1)表示原因,相当于一个原因状语从句。Seriously injured,she was sent to hospital at once.由于受伤严重,她被立刻送往医院了。2)表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句。Seen from the hill,the city looks magnificent.当从山上看时,这个城市看上去很壮观。,3)表示让步,相当于一个让步状语从句。Beaten by the opposite team,the players were not discoura
24、ged and practised even harder.(=Though they were beaten by the opposite team.)虽然被对方打败,但队员们没有泄气,更加刻苦训练。4)表示条件,相当于一个条件状语从句。Given more time,I could do it better.(=If I were given more time.)如果多给点时间,我会做得更好。5)表示方式或伴随情况。The woman scientist entered the lab,followed by her assistants.那位女科学家走进实验室,后面跟着她的助手们。,
25、二、动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式的区别1.动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式,示例,2.形容词化的动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式形容词化的动词-ing形式意为“令人的”,多修饰事物;形容词化的动词-ed形式含有被动意味,多修饰人以及人的声音或表情,可表示“感到的”。,例句Students were greatly encouraged after hearing the speakers encouraging words.听了演讲者鼓舞人心的话后,学生们深受鼓舞。,考点四动词的非谓语形式作相同句子成分的区别一、动词的非谓语形式作定语的区别,例句The meeting being held
26、 now is of great importance.正在召开的会议很重要。The meeting held yesterday was of great importance.昨天召开的会议很重要。The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.明天要召开的会议很重要。,二、动词的非谓语形式作宾补的区别感官动词(词组)see,watch,observe,look at,notice,hear,listen to,feel等,后可接动词的非谓语形式作宾补,用法如下:1)后跟不带to的不定式作宾补,表示主动和完成。例句We ofte
27、n heard her sing next door.我们常听到她在隔壁唱歌。(主动,完成)2)后跟动词-ing形式作宾补,表示主动和正在进行。例句We heard her singing next door.我们听到她在隔壁唱歌。(主动,进行),3)后跟动词-ed形式作宾补,表示被动和完成。例句We heard the song sung by her.我们听见这首歌被她唱过。(被动,完成),三、动词的非谓语形式作状语的区别不定式、动词-ing形式、动词-ed形式作状语时要和句子主语有逻辑上的主动或被动关系,否则一般不能使用不定式、动词-ing形式、动词-ed形式作状语。,例句I got u
28、p very early this morning to prepare breakfast for my family.今天早晨我起得很早以便给家人准备早餐。(目的)She fell off the bike,(thus)breaking her left leg.她从自行车上掉下来,结果摔断了她的左腿。(直接结果)Looking out of the window,I saw groups of children.我从窗户望出去,看见成群的孩子。(时间)I woke up in the morning,only to find the outside world had greatly c
29、hanged.我早晨醒来,发现外面的世界大变样了。(出乎意料的结果),Read many times,the complicated story seems much easier.读过多遍,这个深奥的故事似乎变得浅显得多了。(表示被动和完成)Seen from the top of the hill,the park looks more beautiful.从山顶上看,这个公园显得更加美丽。(表被动)Not knowing what to do,he went to his parents for help.由于不知道做什么,他去找他的父母帮忙。(主动关系),考点五独立主格结构动词的非谓语
30、形式作状语时,它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时动词的非谓语形式带有自己的逻辑主语,在句子中作状语,这种结构属于独立主格结构。1.名词/代词+动词-ing形式Weather permitting,were going to visit you tomorrow.(=If weather permits.)如果天气允许,我们明天会去看你。,2.名词/代词+动词-ed形式The test finished,well have our summer vacation.(=After the test is finished.)考试结束以后,我们将开始过暑假了。3.名词/代词+不定式No one
31、 to wake me up,I might be late for the first class.(=If no one wakes me up.)如果没人叫醒我,我第一节课可能会迟到。4.名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语The little girl entered the room,her face red with cold.小女孩走进房间,脸冻红了。,单句填空动词的非谓语形式专练1.(cover)an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park,the GPNP will be one of the f
32、irst national parks in the coun-try.(2022新高考)2.The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were previously unprotected,bringing many of the existing protected areas for gi-ant pandas under one authority(increase)effectiveness and re-duce inconsistencies in management.(2022新
33、高考)3.A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked(徒步)40 days to Xian,as a first step(journey)the Belt and Road route(路线),by foot.(2022全国甲)4.Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation(hold)in Beijing,Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a trib-ute(致敬)to the anci
34、ent Silk Road.(2022全国甲)5.He flew 4,700 kilometers from Xian to Kashgar on Sept.20,(plan)to hike back to Xian in five months.(2022全国甲)6.“.It can help to build a community with a(share)future for mankind,”he said.(2022全国乙)7.(strengthen)the connection with young people,the event in-cluded a number of p
35、ublic promotional activities on social media.(2022全国乙),8.the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media,(invite)twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts.(2022全国乙)9.But Cobb and others are now questioni
36、ng that ideapushing conferences to provide more chances to participate remotely and(change)their personal behavior to do their part in dealing with the climate change crisis.(2022浙江1月)10.That approach brought Cobbs air travel last year down by 75%,and she plans(continue)the practice.(2022浙江1月),11.Bu
37、t thats how nature isalways leaving us(astonish).(2021新高考)12.Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain,still it highlights the whole adventure and offers a place where you can sit down to rest your(ache)legs.(2021新高考)13.It is possible(walk)or bike the entire 14 kilometers.(20
38、21全国甲)14.After(spend)some time looking at all the defensive e-quipment at the wall,we decided it was time for some action and what better than to ride on a piece of history!(2021全国甲)15.Minimize the impact of(visit)the place.(2021全国乙),16.Activities there range from whale watching to hiking(远足)and acc
39、om-modations aim(have)a low impact on the natural environ-ment.(2021全国乙)17.It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to be-come(educate)about the areasboth in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics,and often provides money for con-servation and be
40、nefits the development of the local areas.(2021全国乙)18.Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Change-4(find)and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.(2020全国)19.They represent the earth(come)back to life and best wish-es for new beginnings.(2020全国),20.Orange trees.make great gif
41、ts and you see them many times(decorate)with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.(2020全国)21.They are easy(care)for and make great presents.(2020全国)22.And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds(surround)the mountain tops,he was reduced to tears.(2020全国)23.(help)us prep
42、are for the exam,the teacher suggested read-ing through our notes.(2020天津夏)24.Later,they learned to work with the seasons,planting at the right time and,in dry areas,(make)use of annual floods to irrigate(灌,溉)their fields.(2020浙江7月)25.Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been emplo
43、yed only since the mid-1980s,and are expensive(perform)consis-tently over a large area.(2019全国)26.Scientists have responded by(note)that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集)around human settlements.(2019全国)27.A 90-year-old has been awarded“Woman Of The Year”for(be)Britains oldest full-time employees
44、till working 40 hours a week.(2019全国)28.When we got a call(say)she was short-listed,we thought it was a joke.(2019全国),29.Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”award,proud Irene declared she had no plans(retire)from her 36-year-old business.(2019全国)30.On our way to the house,it was raining so hard that
45、 we couldnt help wondering how long it would take(get)there.(2019全国)31.On the last day of our week-long stay,we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,(listen)to musicians and meeting interesting locals.(2019全国)32.Earth Day,(mark)on 22 April,i
46、s an annual event aiming to raise public awareness about environmental protection.(2019北京),33.Nervously(face)challenges,I know I will whisper to my-self the two simple words“Be yourself”.(2019北京)34.But some students didnt want(wear)the uniform.(2019浙江6月)35.Most colleges now offer first-year students
47、 a course specially(design)to help them succeed academically and personally.(2019天津夏)36.You may drink,smoke,be overweight and still reduce your risk of(die)early by running.(2018全国)37.I quickly lower myself,ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel(challenge).(2018全国)
48、,38.I still remember(visit)a friend whod lived here for five years.(2018浙江6月)答案1.Covering2.to increase3.to journey4.held5.planning6.shared7.To strengthen8.inviting9.changing10.to continue11.astonished12.aching13.to walk14.spending15.visiting16.to have17.educated18.to ing20.decorated21.to care22.surr
49、ounding23.To help24.making25.to perform26.noting27.being28.saying29.to retire30.to get31.listening32.marked33.facing34.to wear35.designed36.dying37.challenged38.visiting,1.In the early Western Han Dynasty,a general(name)Ji Bu was known for being courageous and honest.(2022山东枣庄二模)2.“Emoji should cove
50、r characters(represent)major food al-lergens(过敏原),”Komatsu wrote in his proposal.(2022湖南长沙一中月考)3.The Shougang Big Air is the only snow event venue in downtown Beijing,making it the coolest thing for Big Air athletes(jump)against the backdrop(衬托)of coolant towers.(2022广东佛山二检)4.It enables people(under