1、情态动词情态动词（modelverb）用来表示能力、允许、可能、必须、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。主要的情态动词有can（could），may（might），shall（should），will（would），must，oughtto，need，dare等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化，其后常跟不带to的不定式。1.情态动词的一般用法：l(1)表示能力:can,could,beabletolHe is over 80 but still can read withoutglasses.lShecouldntcomeyesterday.lHecantcometomorrow.llcan/could与b
2、eableto用法比较l1）beableto除有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时外，还可有现在完成时、不定式、动词-ing形式等。lThisistheinformationIvebeenabletogetsofar.lTobeabletorideabike,shepracticedalot.lJustbeingabletodriveahorse,acartisntmuchhelptous.l2)could表示过去总的、经常性的能力；was/wereableto表示过去具体情况下具有的能力，并且做了某动作。lHecouldspeakFrench,sohewasabletoshowtheFren
3、chladytheway.l3)表示将来的能力常用willbeableto.lWhenwillyoubeabletotakeustotown?(2)(2)表示许可：表示许可：can/could,may/might;cant,can/could,may/might;cant,maynot,mustnt,mustnotmaynot,mustnt,mustnotl1)征询“许可”或给予“许可”可用can/could或may/might表示。May用于正式场合，can用于非正式场合，could用于客气的询问，might极少用。lYoucangoatfouroclock.lCouldIborrowyou
4、rpen?lStudentsmaytake3bookseach.lMightIaskwhetheryouareusingthetypewriter?l2)表示“不允许”用cant,maynot,mustnt；mustnot语气重。lYoucantleavethetableunlessyoufinishyourmeal.lPutthatcigaretteout.Youmustnotsmokenearapetrolpump!l3)表示过去“许可”不用could，might，要用其他表达方式。lWehadbeen/weregivenpermissiontospeaktothepatient.l但在间
5、接引语中表达过去“许可”，可用could，might。lThenursesaidthatwecould/mightspeaktothepatientforjustafewminutes.(3)(3)表示可能性：表示可能性：may/might,can/could,may/might,can/could,must;cantmust;cantl1）may,might用来推测现在“可能”；may比might表示的可能性大些。lWhyisntJohninclass?Hemay/mightbesick.lmaybe是副词，不是情态动词。Maybeheissick.l2)在日常口语中常用can/could表
6、示“可能”。lYoucan/couldwalkformilesinthecountrywithoutmeetinganyone.lCanthenewsbetrue?No,itcantbetrue.l3)must表示可能性最大，“必定”；否定形式用cant表示“肯定不”、“必定不会”。lYoumustbehungryafteralongwalk.lThe phone is ringing,but there is no answer.She cant be athome.（4）表示必须和需要：must,haveto,needl1）must表示说话人认为“必须”；否定回答时用neednt“不必”。
7、lYoumustbehereatnineoclock.lMustyougosoon?No,Ineedntgoyet.l2)haveto表示他人或客观情况要求“必须”。lIhavetobebackatschoolbyeight.Ihavealotofworktodotonight.lWedonthavetowearuniformsinschool.ll口语中常用havegotto表示“必须”。lIhavegottoleavenow.Ihaveameetingintenminutes.l3)need表示动作者“需要”、“有必要”，用于否定句或疑问句；肯定回答用must，否定回答用neednt。lN
8、eed he go now?Yes,he must.No heneednt.llneed常用作实义动词。lYouneedtolearnthevalueoftime.lYoudidntneedtotellhimthenews.lDoessheneedtogo?l（5 5）表示责任和劝告）表示责任和劝告:should,oughtto,must,hadbettershould,oughtto,must,hadbetter l1)用should和oughtto表示责任和劝告，后者的语气重些lYoushould/oughttodoasyouaretold.lSuchthingsshouldnt/ough
9、tnottobeallowed.l2)有时也用must表示责任和劝告。lYoumustseethemovie.Itswonderful.l3)口语中也常用hadbetter表示劝告，意为“最好做/不做某事”。lYouhadbettertakecareofyourself.lYoudbetternotmakeamistakenexttime.lHadntyoubetterseewhoisatthedoor?（6 6）表示建议：）表示建议：shallshall，may/mightaswell,may/mightaswell,may/mightjustaswellmay/mightjustaswel
10、l l1)“shallI/we”表示征求对方对建议的看法。lShallwecarrytheboxesintothehouse?lLetsgo,shallwe?l2)may/mightaswell,may/mightjustaswell表示推荐更佳方案，建议另一种做法，意为“倒不如”，“不也一样吗？”。lWemayaswellstayheretonight.lYoumightjustaswelltellthetruth.(7)表示许诺：shalllshall用于第二、三人称，表示说话人的许诺。lYoushallhaveyourmoneybacknextweek.lIfhepassestheexa
11、m,heshallhaveaholiday.(8)表示意愿：shall,will/wouldl1)you/he/theyshall表示说话人的强烈意愿，甚至威胁。lYoushallpayforthis.lTheyshalldowhatItellthemtodo.ll在法律条文、规章制度中，shall表示“必须”。lEachcompetitorshallwearanumber.l2)will/would表示动作者愿意。lIwilllendyouthebookifyouneedit.lIwontdoitagain.lIhavebeentryingtoopenthedoor,butthekeywon
12、tturn.ll“willyou/wouldyou”在下列句中表示客气的建议、询问。lWillyoupleasehaveadrink?lWouldyoupleasepassmethesalt?lWouldyoulikeacupoftea?lWouldyoumindifIopenedthewindow?lWouldyoumindopeningthewindow?Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?llwould还表示过去的习惯。等于usedtolOnSundayshewouldgetupearlyandgofishing.l(9)表示勇敢：dare ldare表示“敢于
13、”，用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。lHedarenottry.lHowdareyouopentheletter?lIfyoudaresayaword,Illstrikeyoudown.lldare还常用作实义动词。lHedaretosurfinheavywaters.lldaresay或daresay，表示probably,Isuppose.lIdaresayhewillcomehomelate.2.情态动词的特殊用法l（1）情态动词+不定式完成时l1）can/could,may/might,must+have+动词的过去分词l用于肯定句：表示对过去事件的主观判断，推测过去某动作“可能”、“也许
14、”、“一定”已发生。lTom could have taken the dictionary.I saw him using it lastSunday.lIcantfindmysunglasses.Imay/mighthaveleftthemattherestaurantyesterday.lYou screamed in your sleep last night.You must have had aterribledream.l用于否定句：表示推测过去某动作“可能”、“也许”、“一定”没有发生。lShecouldnthavefinishedherworksosoon.lShemayno
15、thaveseenyou.lDadmustnthavewashedthedisheslastnight.l2)should/oughtto+have+动词的过去分词。l用于肯定句：评论过去“应该做”而实际并未做的动作，意为“本应该”。lIdidntaskher.Itsapity.Youshouldhaveaskedher.Yououghttohaveaskedeveryone.l用于否定句：评论过去“不应该做”而实际做了的动作，意为“本不应该”。lIonlytoldMike.Youshouldnthavetoldanyone.Yououghtnottohavetoldanyone.l3)nee
16、dnt+have+动词的过去分词l对过去已经发生的动作进行评论，认为“无须发生”，“不必做”。lIneednthaveputonmybestsuittogototheparty;mostoftheguestswerewearingjeans.lWe went to the meeting,but it had beencancelled.Oh,soyouneednthavegone.(2)情态动词+不定式进行时 l表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。lShemaybewashingherclothes.lHecantbeworkingnow.lHemustbestudyinginthelib
17、rary.lTheyshouldntbewatchingTVnow.Theyshouldbedoinghomework.(3)情态动词+不定式完成进行时 情态动词+havebeen+动词的现在分词，表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。Hemayhavebeenbuyingstampsinthepostofficewhenyousawhim.Shemusthavebeenworkingthen.Sheshouldhavebeenattendingameetingyesterdaymorning.Theyshouldnthavebeenchattingwhileworking.PRE
18、POSITION由由两个介词构成的双重介词：两个介词构成的双重介词：till after,from behind,except in We stayed there till after the sunset.He picked up the gun from behind the counter.The weather has been fine except in the north.beneath/underneath表示表示“在在下面（两物接触）下面（两物接触）”，underneath有时用于表示抽象含义。有时用于表示抽象含义。The earth is beneath our feet
19、.Underneath that stern exterior was a heart of gold.beside,beyondbeside表示表示“在在旁边旁边”，beyond表表示示“在在的那一边的那一边”I sat beside the driver.They live in a small village beyond the Great Wall.besides,except,except for,except(that),but都表示都表示“除了除了”，但用法有区别，但用法有区别Besides John,all of us passed the exam.（John也及格了）也及
20、格了）All of us passed the exam except John.（John不及格）不及格）You can all go except Tom.We had a very good time except for the weather.在句首须用在句首须用except for.eg.Except for Tom,you can all go.Except(that)表示表示“只是只是”，后面连接从句。，后面连接从句。I would willingly go except that it is too far.(to be continued)besides,except,ex
21、cept for,except(that),but But用作介词时，常用于用作介词时，常用于all,no,nobody,who,where等词后面；等词后面；but不用于句首。不用于句首。There is no one here but me.Who but Tom would have done such a thing?All but/except the captain were rescued.due to/owing todue to用作表语，用作表语，owing to用作状语，但用作状语，但现在也常见现在也常见due to用作状语用作状语His absence was due t
22、o the storm.He arrived late owing to/due to the storm.With引导的独立结构引导的独立结构 with+名词名词/代词代词+不定式不定式 He knew that with him to help her,she could and would succeed.with+名词名词/代词代词+动词动词-ing 形式形式 With his satchel trailing behind him,the small boy ran past.with+名词名词/代词代词+动词动词-ed 形式形式 With the question settled,
23、they were happy and relaxed.(to be continued)With引导的独立结构引导的独立结构 with+名词名词/代词代词+介词短语介词短语 With chalk in one hand and a textbook in the other,the professor rested against the blackboard.with+名词名词/代词代词+形容词形容词 Although they sat with doors and windows open,they were overpowered by heat.with+名词名词/代词代词+副词副词
24、 He went out with no hat on.主谓一致Agreement of Subject and Verb在There be 句型中nThere is no smoke without fire.nThere seems to be little time left.nThere,here 结构中,如果主语有好几个,谓语动词与最邻近的主语一致。nThere was a TV set,a portrait and several albums on the shelf.nHere are a few envelops,a pen and some paper in the dra
25、wer.在倒装结构中nIn every province of China are found rich natural resources.nHere come the five noisy children from next door.as well as,not to mention,along with+名词句子中nUnemployment as well as taxes influences votes.Taxes,not to mention unemployment,influence votes.This man along with his sons always cat
26、ches the largest fish.n主语后若跟有accompanied by,as much as,besides,except(but),in addition to,including,instead of,no less than,rather than,together with 名词，不影响其与谓语动词的关系。下列不定代词或限定词作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词永远是单数nMany a college student wishes to return to the easy days of high school.nNeither(one)is satisfactory.nIs
27、 either of the singers reading now?nEvery silver knife,fork,and spoon has to be counted.nEach of the students has a schedule.带有量词的主语与谓语动词的一致nAll of the fruit looks ripe.nHas any of this evidence been presented?nHave any of my friends called me?nMost of the book was interesting.nSome of the books are
28、 interesting.nNone of the evidence points to his guilt.nNone of our students were involved.带有量词的主语与谓语动词的一致nThe number of students in the class is 40.nA number of students were late.nMore than one person is involved in this case.nMore than one hundred men and women are working in this workshop.nThe m
29、ajority were/was in favor of the proposal.nThe majority of boys like football.andnMary and Jane compete with each other for the first prize.nBoth John and Ann are ready.nIce cream and cake is my favorite dessert.nThe editor and the publisher of this magazine are very able men.nThe editor and publish
30、er of this magazine is a very able man.n但是形容词+and+形容词+名词指两类不同的 人或物时,谓语动词用复数nSocial and political freedom are limited there.or,eitheror.Neither nor,not only,but also,谓语动词取决最接近它的名词或代词的数Neither criticism nor praise affects them.nPat or you were supposed to call.nNeither the prices nor the quality has c
31、hanged.nDoesnt he or I deserve it?nDont you or he deserve it?One of 和 the only one of nThat is one of those remarks that are intended to start arguments.nJane is one of those persons who always think they are right.nShe is the only one of those girls who is willing to take a make-up exam.倒装倒装(全部倒装和部
32、分倒装全部倒装和部分倒装)1.全部倒装(Full Inversion),又称主谓倒装 (Subject-verb Inversion)。例如:Here are some letters for you.Down poured the rain.Into the coach scrambled the children.2.部分倒装(Partial Inversion),又称主语与助动词/晴态 动词倒装(Subject-operator Inversion)。例如：Never have I heard such nonsense.Only today did I learn the dreadf
33、ul news.全部倒装句的具体用法全部倒装句的具体用法l1.用于由here,there,now,then 等副词引导的句子，通常称作把时间状语或地点状语提前的倒装句，其谓语动词通常跟在时间状语或地点状语之后。l例如：Then came a new development that had a far-l reaching effects.Once upon a time,there lived a man known by the name of Joe Beef.Now comes your turn.全部倒装句的具体用法全部倒装句的具体用法l2.在带有助动词“be”的句子中，动词-ing
34、和-ed形式可移至句首，主语移至“be”后面，形成全部倒装。l例如：Running across it is a stream.Buried in the sands was an ancient village.Pictured here is a wooden tub used for gathering water chestnuts.全部倒装句的具体用法全部倒装句的具体用法l3.为了使描写的景象更生动,常把拟声词或away,in,out,up 等状语放在句首,从而引起主谓全部倒装。l例如：Down it fell from the apple tree.The door opened.
35、In rushed the crowd.全部倒装句的具体用法全部倒装句的具体用法l4.当句子的主语较长而谓语较短时，常将状语放在句首，主谓全部倒装使句子结构平衡，避免头重脚轻。l例如：Faint grow the sound of the bell.At the end of the kaleidoscope are two plates,one made of the glass and the other of ground glass.全部倒装句的具体用法全部倒装句的具体用法l5.用于表示祝愿的句型。l例如：May you live a long and happy life!Long
36、live the Peoples Republic of China!部分倒装句的具体用法部分倒装句的具体用法l1.句首是否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，常用部分倒装。l例如：Not a single book he read that month.Under no circumstances shall we cancel the party.常用于这一结构的词或短语有：at no/other time,by no means,under no circumstances,hardly,scarcely,seldom,in no way,in vain,little,never,rarely,
37、few,no soonerthan,hardlywhen,nowhere,not until,not onlybut also,not a single word,not frequently部分倒装句的具体用法部分倒装句的具体用法l2.句首是 only 引导的状语时,需要部分倒装。l例如：Only in this way can we solve the problem.常用短语还有：only by chance,only then,only with difficulty,only on a rare occasion 等等。部分倒装句的具体用法部分倒装句的具体用法l3.sothat 结构
38、中的 so 置于句首时，需要部分倒装。l例如：So absurd did he look that everyone stared at him.句首是 many a time,to such a degree/extent,to such a extremes,to such a lengths,to such a point,with every justification,with good reason 等状语时，句子需要部分倒装。例如：To such a degree was he excited that he couldnt go to sleep that night.部分倒装
39、句的具体用法部分倒装句的具体用法l4.用于以 neither,nor 开始的省略句，表示“也不”；用于以 so 开始的省略句，表示“也如此”。l例如：I dont care for sweet.Neither do I.Im not very fond of carrots.Nor am I.I enjoyed the play and so did my sisters.部分倒装句的具体用法部分倒装句的具体用法l5.在虚拟语气中，条件从句的 if 省略时，had,were,should,could 需与主语倒装。l例如：Were I you,I wouldnt ask such a sill
40、y question.Had I been there,I should have known what had happened.部分倒装句的具体用法部分倒装句的具体用法l6.在比较和方式状语从句中，如果主语不是人称代词，常在主语前加助动词 do/did 代替前面已出现过的动词。l例如：I spend more than do my friends.She traveled a great deal as did most of her friends.倒装句的特殊用法倒装句的特殊用法l1.在全部倒装句中，主语是人称代词时，不能将谓语动词前移。l例如：Away they go.Here it
41、 is.l2.在以开始的省略句中，表示对别人所说的情况加以肯定时，不必用倒装句倒装句。l例如：Its cold today.So it is.You have a color TV set.So I have.动名词2024/1/27 后接动名词作宾语的常用动词有：admitadviseallow anticipateappreciate avoid riskdelay deny dislike dread后接动名词(或名词）作宾语的常用短语有object to,devote to，look forward to,put off,feel like,persist in,insist on,b
42、e used to,be accustomed to 2024/1/27encourage enjoy escape excusefancyfinish imaginekeep mindmiss permit postpone practicepreventpropose recall recollect resist risk stop2024/1/27在demand,deserve,need,require,want后的动名词表被动My shirt requires washing.The matter demands looking into.These language points
43、deserve mentioning.22024/1/27Exercise1.Ill go with you after I get through with _ the house.a.cleaning b.to clean c.to be cleaned2.He avoided _ over the unpaved way.A.to driveb.drivingc.driven3.I advise you_twice before_ the position.A.to think,accepting b.thinking,acceptc.thinking,to accept2024/1/2
44、7新沪江英语网：http:/ 拟拟 语语 气气 练练 习习(I)1.If you had come earlier,you _ the famous scientist.a.could be met b.might meet c.would have met d.would meet2.If she had worked harder,she _.a.would succeed b.had succeeded c.would succeed d.would have succeeded3.I wish I _ a young man again.a.will be b.shall be c.a
45、m d.were4.I wish that you _ such a bad headache because Im sure that you would have enjoyed the concert.a.havent b.havent had c.hadnt d.hadnt had 5.Shall I buy the car?If I were you,I _ buy it.a.shant b.wont c.wouldnt d.not 6.If I _ the way to New York,I _.a.knewwould drive b.knew will drive c.knew
46、would have drive d.had known.would drive7.It would be a mistake _.a.if we should not help him b.if we had not helped him c.if we have not helped himd.if we dont help him 8._ ten minutes earlier,you would have seen this worldfamous scientist.a.If you come b.If you have come c.If you came d.Had you co
47、me9.Without your help,we_ so much.a.will not achieve b.didnt achieve c.dont achieve d.would not have achieved 10.Its time that we _ breakfast,but we have not.a.will have b.shall have c.have d.had 11.His doctor suggested that he _ out for a walk after supper.a.go b.goes c.wentd.would go 12.He insiste
48、d that we _ the place in three days.Otherwise we would get into trouble.a.had to leave b.leave c.must leave d.would leave 13.Everyone agreed to his suggestion _ a bridge be built across the river.a.as b.which c.that d.so that 14.Dr.Bethune worked hard as if he _.a.never feel tired b.had never felt t
49、ired c.have never felt tired d.never tired 15.I looks _ its going to rain.a.that b.as c.as if d.like that 16.It is important that I _ with Mr.William.a.shall speak b.spoke c.speak d.would speak17.It is necessary that we _ our plan.a.would change b.changes c.should change d.shall change18.It is stran
50、ge that he _ so.a.doing b.should do c.had done d.would do19.My father was angry and ordered that my brother _ the room at once.a.leave b.left c.would leave d.was leaving 20._,I would take an umbrella with me.a.Had I been you b.I were you c.Were I you d.I had been you21.If I _ do the experiment,I wou