1、四级单项选择阅读理解附讲解:2012年12月真题(1)PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)WhyIntegrityMattersWhatisIntegrity?Integrityisdefinedasadherencetomoralandethicalprinciples;honesty.Thekeytointegrityisconsistency-notonlysettinghighpersonalstandardsforoneself(honesty,responsibility,respectforothers,fairness)
2、butalsolivinguptothosestandardseachday.Onewhohasintegrityisboundbyandfollowsmoralandethicalstandardsevenwhenmakinglifeshardchoices,choiceswhichmaybecloudedbystress,pressuretosucceed,ortemptation.Whathappensifwelie,cheat,steal,orviolateotherethicalstandards?Wefeeldisappointedinourselvesandashamed.But
3、alapseofintegrityalsoaffectsourrelationshipswithothers.Trustisessentialinanyimportantrelationship,whetherpersonalorprofessional.Whocantrustsomeonewhoisdishonestorunfair?Thus,integritymustbeoneofourmostimportantgoals.RiskyBusinessWeareeachresponsibleforourowndecisions,evenifthedecision-makingprocessh
4、asbeenunderminedbystressorpeerpressure.Therealtestofcharacteriswhetherwecanlearnfromourmistake,byunderstandingwhyweactedaswedid,andthenexploringwaystoavoidsimilarproblemsinthefuture.Makingethicaldecisionsisacriticalpartofavoidingfutureproblems.Wemustlearntorecognizerisks,becauseifwecantseetheriskswe
5、retaking,wecantmakeresponsiblechoices.Toidentifyrisks,weneedtoknowtherulesandbeawareofthefacts.Forexample,onewhodoesntknowtherulesaboutplagiarismmayaccidentallyusewordsorideaswithoutgivingpropercredit,oronewhofailstokeepcarefulresearchnotesmayunintentionallyfailtoquoteandcitesourcesasrequired.Butthe
6、factthatsuchaviolationisunintentionaldoesnotexcusethemisconduct.Ignoranceisnotadefense.ButEverybodyDoesItMostpeoplewhogetintroubledoknowtherulesandfacts,butmanagetofoolthemselvesabouttheriskstheyretakingbyusingexcuses: Everyoneelsedoesit, Imnothurtinganyone,orIreallyneedthisgrade.Excusescangetveryel
7、aborate: IknowImlookingatanothersexam,eventhoughImsupposedtokeepmyeyesonmyownpaper,butthatsnotcheatingbecauseImjustcheckingmyanswers,notcopying.Wemustbehonestaboutouractions,andavoidexcuses.Ifwefoolourselvesintobelievingwerenotdoinganythingwrong,wecantseetherealchoiceweremaking-andthatleadstobaddeci
8、sions.Toavoidfoolingyourself,watchoutforexcusesandtrythistest:Askhowyouwouldfeelifyouractionswerepublic,andanyonecouldbewatchingoveryourshoulder.Wouldyoufeelproudorashamedofyouractions?Ifyoudratherhideyouractions,thatsagoodindicationthatyouretakingariskandrationalizingittoyourself.EvaluatingRisksTod
9、ecidewhetherariskisworthtaking,youmustexaminetheconsequences,inthefutureaswellasrightnow,negativeaswellaspositive,andtoothersaswellastoyourself.Thosewhotakeriskstheylaterregretusuallyfocusonimmediatebenefits(whatsinitforme),andsimplyhaventconsideredwhatmightgowrong.Theconsequencesofgettingcaughtares
10、erious,andmayincludea0onatestorassignment;anFintheclass;SuspensionorDismissalfromschool;transcriptnotation;andatarnishedreputation.Infact,whenyoubreakaruleorlaw,youlosecontroloveryourlife,andgiveothersthepowertoimposepunishment:youhavenocontroloverwhatthatpunishmentmightbe.Thisisanextremelyprecariou
11、sandvulnerableposition.Theremaybesomemattersoflifeanddeath,orhighestprinciple,whichmightjustifysucharisk,buttherearentmanythingsthatfallinthiscategory.GettingAwayWithIt-OrNotThosewhodontgetcaughtpayanevenhigherprice.Acheaterdoesntlearnfromthetest,deprivinghim/herselfofaneducation.Cheatingunderminesc
12、onfidenceandindependence:thecheaterisafraud,andknowsthatwithoutdishonesty,he/shewouldhavefailed.Cheatingdestroysself-esteemandintegrity,leavingthecheaterashamed,guilty,andafraidofgettingcaught.Worstofall,acheaterwhodoesntgetcaughtthefirsttimeusuallycheatsagain,notonlybecausehe/sheisfartherbehind,but
13、alsobecauseitseemseasier.Thisslipperyslopeoferodingethicsandbiggerrisksleadsonlytodisaster.Eventually,thecheatergetscaught,andthelaterhe/shegetscaught,theworsetheconsequences.Studentshavebeendismissedfromschoolbecausetheydidntgetthissimplemessage:HonestyistheONLYpolicythatworks.CheatingHurtsOthers,T
14、ooCheatersoftenfeelinvisible,asiftheiractionsdontcountanddontreallyhurtanyone.Butindividualchoiceshaveaprofoundcumulativeeffect.Cheatingcanspreadlikeadisease,andacheatercanencourageothersjustbybeingseenfromacrosstheroom.Recentstatisticssuggest30%ormoreofcollegestudentscheat.Ifaclassisgradedonacurve,
15、cheatinghurtsothersgrades.Evenifthereisnocurve,cheatingpoisonstheclassroom,andothersmayfeelpressuredtojoinin. (IfIdontcheat,Icantcompetewiththosewhodo.)Cheatingalsohasadestructiveimpactonteachers.Therealrewardofgoodteachingisseeingstudentslearn,butacheatersays, Imnotinterestedinwhatyouretryingtoteac
16、h;allIcareaboutisstealingagrade,regardlessoftheeffectonothers.Theendresultisablatantanddestructiveattackonthequalityofyoureducation.Finally,cheatingcanhurtthereputationoftheUniversity,andharmthosewhoworkedhardfortheirdegree.WhyIntegrityMattersIfcheatingbecomesthenorm,thenweareinbigtrouble.Wemustrely
17、onthehonestyandgoodfaithofotherseveryday.Ifnot,wecouldntputmoneyinthebank,buyfood,clothing,ormedicinefromothers,driveacrossabridge,getonaplane,gotothedentist-thelistisendless.Therearemanyexamplesofthevastharmthatiscausedwhenindividualsforgetorignoretheeffecttheirdishonestycanhave.Thesavingsandloansc
18、andal,thestockmarketandjunkbondswindles,and,ofcourse,Watergate,haveunderminedthefaithofmanyAmericansintheintegrityofpoliticalandeconomicleadersandsocietyasawhole.Suchincidentstakeatremendoustollonournationseconomyandourindividualwell-being.Forexample,butforthesavingsandloandebacle,theremightbefundsa
19、vailabletoreducethenationaldebtandpayforeducation.Insum,weallhaveacommonstakeinourschool,ourcommunity,andoursociety.Ouractionsdomatter.Itisessentialthatweactwithintegrityinordertobuildthekindofworldinwhichwewanttolive.1.Apersonofintegritynotonlysetshighmoralandethicalstandardsbutalso_.A)stickstothem
20、intheirdailylifeB)makesthemknowntoothersC)understandstheirtruevaluesD)seesthatothersalsofollowthem2.Whatroledoesintegrityplayinpersonalandprofessionalrelationships?A)IthelpstocreateteamspiritB)ItfacilitatescommunicationC)ItisthebasisofmutualtrustD)Itinspiresmutualrespect3.whymustwelearntoidentifythe
21、riskswearegoingtotake？A.Toensurewemakeresponsiblechoices.B.Toavoidbeingoverwhelmedbystress.C.sothatwedontbreakanyrules.D.sothatwedontrunintotrouble.4.Violationofaruleismisconductevenif_?A.ithascausednoharm.B.itisclaimedtobeunintentional.C.ithasgoneunnoticed.D.itiscommittedwithgoodintentions.5.Whatsh
22、ouldonedoifhedoesntwishtofoolhimself?A.Avoidmakingexcuses.B.Listentootherpeoplesadvice.C.Makehisintensionspublic.D.Haveotherswatchoverhisshoulder.6.Thosewhotakeriskstheyregretlateron_.A.willoftenbecomemorecautiousB.areusuallyveryaggressiveC.valueimmediatebenefitsmost.D.mayloseeverythingintheend7.Acc
23、ordingtotheauthor,acheaterwhodoesntgetcaughtrightawaywill_.A)paymoredearlyB)becomemoreconfidentC)bewidelyadmiredD)feelsomewhatlucky8.Cheatersatexamdontcareabouttheireducation,alltheycareaboutishowto_9.Integritymattersinthatallsocialactivitiesrelyonpeoples_10.ManyAmericanslostfaithintheintegrityofthe
24、irpoliticalleadersasaresultof_.PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)1.Apersonofintegritynotonlysetshighmoralandethicalstandardsbutalso_.A)stickstothemintheirdailylifeB)makesthemknowntoothersC)understandstheirtruevaluesD)seesthatothersalsofollowthem【答案】A)stickstothemintheirdailylife【解析】第一题的
25、答案就在全文第一句。关键词是notonly.Butalso. ，关键句是Thekeytointegrityisconsistency-notonlysettinghighpersonalstandardsforoneself(honesty,responsibility,respectforothers,fairness)butalsolivinguptothosestandardseachday. 这里的liveupto和选项里的stickto属于同义替换。2.Whatroledoesintegrityplayinpersonalandprofessionalrelationships?A)
26、IthelpstocreateteamspiritB)ItfacilitatescommunicationC)ItisthebasisofmutualtrustD)Itinspiresmutualrespect【答案】C)Itisthebasisofmutualtrust【解析】关键词是personalandprofessional，关键句是Trustisessentialinanyimportantrelationship,whetherpersonalorprofessional.Whocantrustsomeonewhoisdishonestorunfair?Thus,integrity
27、mustbeoneofourmostimportantgoals.结合紧接着的问句，我们很容易锁定trust这个选项。3.whymustwelearntoidentifytheriskswearegoingtotake？A.Toensurewemakeresponsiblechoices.B.Toavoidbeingoverwhelmedbystress.C.sothatwedontbreakanyrules.D.sothatwedontrunintotrouble.【答案】A.Toensurewemakeresponsiblechoices.【解析】关键词是identifytherisks，
28、关键句是Makingethicaldecisionsisacriticalpartofavoidingfutureproblems.Wemustlearntorecognizerisks,becauseifwecantseetherisksweretaking,wecantmakeresponsiblechoices. 所以答案很明显是A。4.Violationofaruleismisconductevenif_?A.ithascausednoharm.B.itisclaimedtobeunintentional.C.ithasgoneunnoticed.D.itiscommittedwith
29、goodintentions.【答案】B.itisclaimedtobeunintentional.【解析】关键词是misconduct，关键句是Butthefactthatsuchaviolationisunintentionaldoesnotexcusethemisconduct. 和原文意义高度一致的，就是这个unintentional。因此答案是：B.itisclaimedtobeunintentional.5.Whatshouldonedoifhedoesntwishtofoolhimself?A.Avoidmakingexcuses.B.Listentootherpeoplesad
30、vice.C.Makehisintensionspublic.D.Haveotherswatchoverhisshoulder.【答案】A.Avoidmakingexcuses.【解析】关键词是fooloneself，关键句是Toavoidfoolingyourself,watchoutforexcusesandtrythistest这里的watchoutfor和选项里的avoid属于同义替换。所以答案是A。6.Thosewhotakeriskstheyregretlateron_.A.willoftenbecomemorecautiousB.areusuallyveryaggressiveC
31、.valueimmediatebenefitsmost.D.mayloseeverythingintheend【答案】C.valueimmediatebenefitsmost.【解析】关键词是regretlater，关键句是Thosewhotakeriskstheylaterregretusuallyfocusonimmediatebenefits(whatsinitforme)。很明显，选项valueimmediatebenefitsmost是正确答案。这里的value和focuson属于同义替换。7.Accordingtotheauthor,acheaterwhodoesntgetcaug
32、htrightawaywill_.A)paymoredearlyB)becomemoreconfidentC)bewidelyadmiredD)feelsomewhatlucky【答案】A)paymoredearly【解析】关键词是getcaught，关键句是Thosewhodontgetcaughtpayanevenhigherprice. 这里的higherprice和选项里的moredearly属于同义替换。所以答案是A。8.Cheatersatexamdontcareabouttheireducation,alltheycareaboutishowtostealagrade.【答案】s
33、tealagrade【解析】关键词：careabout关键句：Imnotinterestedinwhatyouretryingtoteach;allIcareaboutisstealingagrade,regardlessoftheeffectonothers.9.Integritymattersinthatallsocialactivitiesrelyonpeopleshonestyandgoodfaith.【答案】honestyandgoodfaith【解析】关键词是relyon，关键句是Wemustrelyonthehonestyandgoodfaithofotherseveryday.10.ManyAmericanslostfaithintheintegrityoftheirpoliticalleadersasaresultoftheWatergatescandal.【答案】theWatergatescandal【解析】关键词是politicalandeconomicleaders，关键句是Watergate,haveunderminedthefaithofmanyAmericansintheintegrityofpoliticalandeconomicleadersandsocietyasawhole.