1、1 11999 年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Part Cloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked A,B,C andD.Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter inthe brackets with a pencil.(10 point
2、s)Industrial safety does not just happen.Companies1low accident rates plan their safety programs,workhard to organize them,and continue working to keep them2and active.When the work is well done,a3ofaccidentfree operations is established4time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safe
3、ty programs may5greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program.Someplace great emphasis on mechanical guarding.Others stress safe work practices by6rules or regulations.7others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker.But,there are certain basic ideas that must be used in everyp
4、rogram if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program.From a financial standpoint alone,safety8.The fewer the injury9,the better the workmans insurance rate.This may mean the difference betweenoperating at10or at a loss.1.A atB inC onD with2.A aliv
5、eB vividC mobileD diverse3.A regulationB climateC circumstanceD requirement4.A whereB howC whatD unless5.A alterB differC shiftD distinguish6.A constitutingB aggravatingC observingD justifying7.A SomeB ManyC EvenD Still8.A comes offB turns upC pays offD holds up9.A claimsB reportsC declarationsD pro
6、clamations10.A an advantage B a benefitC an interestD a profitPart Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers markedA,B,C and D.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then
7、mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with apencil.(40 points)Passage 1Its a rough world out there.Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat.Light up thestove and you could burn down the house.Luckily,if the doormat or stove f
8、ailed to warn of coming disaster,asuccessful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles.Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s,whenjuries began holding more companies liable for their customersmisfortunes.2 2Feeling threatened,companies responded by writing everlonger warning labels,t
9、rying to anticipate everypossible accident.Today,stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn,among other things,that you mightsurprise!fall off.The label on a childs Batman cape cautions that the toy“does not enable user to fly”.While warnings are often appropriate and necessarythe danger
10、s of drug interactions,for exampleandmany are required by state or federal regulations,it isnt clear that they actually protect the manufacturers andsellers from liability if a customer is injured.About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers takethem to court.Now the tide appears to
11、 be turning.As personal injury claims continue as before,some courts are beginning toside with defendants,especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything.In May,Julie Nimmons,president of Schutt Sports in Illinois,successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football pl
12、ayer whowas paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet.“Were really sorry he has become paralyzed,but helmetsarent designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,”says Nimmons.The jury agreed that the nature of the game,notthe helmet,was the reason for the athletes injury.At the same time,the Am
13、erican Law Institutea group of judges,lawyers,and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weightissued new guidelines for tort lawstating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possibleones.“Important information can get buried in a
14、 sea of trivialities,”says a law professor at Cornell Law Schoolwho helped draft the new guidelines.If the moderate end of the legal community has its way,the information onproducts might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.11.What were thi
15、ngs like in 1980s when accidents happened?A Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.B Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.C Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.D Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies pr
16、omised.12.Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to.A satisfy customers by writing long warnings on productsB become honest in describing the inadequacies of their productsC make the best use of labels to avoid legal liabilityD feel obliged to view customers safety as their first concern13.T
17、he case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that.A some injury claims were no longer supported by lawB helmets were not designed to prevent injuriesC product labels would eventually be discardedD some sports games might lose popularity with athletes14.The authors attitude towards the issue seems to be.A b
18、iasedB indifferentC puzzlingD objectivePassage 2In the first year or so of Web business,most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumermarket.More recently,as the Web proved to be more than a fashion,companies have started to buy and sellproducts and services with one another.Such
19、 businesstobusiness sales make sense because business peopletypically know what product theyre looking for.Nonetheless,many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability.“Businessesneed to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,”says senior an
20、alyst Blane Erwin of3 3Forrester Research.Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with establishedbusiness partners who are given access to the companys private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for m
21、arketing.Until recently,Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to“pull”customers into sites.In the pastyear,however,software companies have developed tools that allow companies to“push”information directly out toconsumers,transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted custome
22、rs.Most notably,the Pointcast Networkuses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers computermonitors.Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a companys Website.Companies such as Virtual Vineyards ar
23、e already starting to use similar technologies to push messages tocustomers about special sales,product offerings,or other events.But push technology has earned the contempt ofmany Web users.Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comesthere by specifi
24、c request.Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited,the distinction betweenthe Web and television fades.Thats a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money.Theexamples of Virtual Vi
25、neyards,A,and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind ofproducts with the right mix of interactivity,hospitality,and security will attract online customers.And the cost ofcomputing power continues to free fall,which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon.Peop
26、lelooking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.15.We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business.A has been striving to expand its marketB intended to follow a fanciful fashionC tried but in vain to control the marketD has been booming
27、 for one year or so16.Speaking of the online technology available for marketing,the author implies that.A the technology is popular with many Web usersB businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactionsC there is a radical change in strategyD it is accessible limitedly to established p
28、artners17.In the view of Net purists,.A there should be no marketing messages in online cultureB money making should be given priority to on the WebC the Web should be able to function as the television setD there should be no online commercial information without requests18.We learn from the last p
29、aragraph that.A pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerceB interactivity,hospitality and security are important to online customersC leading companies began to take the online plunge decades agoD setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powerPassage
30、3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students careerprospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform.Veryfew writers on the subject have explored this distinctionindeed,contradictionwhic
31、h goes to the heart of what is4 4wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education,justified for reasonsradically different from why education is universally required by law.It is not simply to raise e
32、veryones jobprospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens.Rather,we have a certain conceptionof the American citizen,a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood andhappiness are affected by things outside of himself.But this w
33、as not always the case;before it was legally requiredfor all children to attend school until a certain age,it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped bynature to pursue this kind of education.With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries,we came toaccept that everyone is
34、fit to be educated.Computereducation advocates forsake this optimistic notion for apessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook.Banking on the confusion between educational andvocational reasons for bringing computers into schools,computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects ofgra
35、duates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student.Many Europeanschools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equippedfor the professions they want to join.It
36、is,however,presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs forso many scientists,so many businessmen,so many accountants.Besides,this is unlikely to produce the needednumber of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so manystates and
37、 involves so many international corporations.But,for a small group of students,professional training might be the way to go since welldeveloped skills,all other factors being equal,can be the difference between having a job and not.Of course,the basics of using anycomputer these days are very simple
38、.It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs.If one wanted to become a computer engineer,that is,of course,an entirely different story.Basic computer skillstakeat the very longesta couple of months to learn.In any case,basic computer skills are only complementaryto
39、the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional.It should be observed,of course,that no school,vocational or not,is helped by a confusion over its purpose.19.The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is.A farreachingB dubiously orientedC sel
40、fcontradictoryD radically reformatory20.The belief that education is indispensable to all children.A is indicative of a pessimism in disguiseB came into being along with the arrival of computersC is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocatesD originated from the optimistic attitude of indust
41、rialized countries21.It could be inferred from the passage that in the authors country the European model of professionaltraining is.A dependent upon the starting age of candidatesB worth trying in various social sectionsC of little practical valueD attractive to every kind of professional22.Accordi
42、ng to the author,basic computer skills should be.A included as an auxiliary course in schoolB highlighted in acquisition of professional qualificationsC mastered through a lifelong courseD equally emphasized by any school,vocational or otherwise5 5Passage 4When a Scottish research team startled the
43、world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep,President Clinton moved swiftly.Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry techniqueto clone humans,he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experimentalthough no one had proposedto do soand aske
44、d an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report backto the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.That grouptheNational Bioethics Advisory Commission(NBAC)has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper,anda
45、t a meeting on 17 May,members agreed on a nearfinal draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clintons 90day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely,andpossibly that it be made law.But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid newrestricti
46、ons on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cellsroutine in molecular biology.The panelhas not yet reached agreement on a crucial question,however,whether to recommend legislation that would makeit a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recom
47、mendations,discussed at the 17 May meeting,Shapiro suggested that the panelhad found a broad consensus that it would be“morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adultnuclear cloning.”Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the riskto
48、the health of the child.The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions,although some detailshave not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cellnuclei to create a child.Because current federal law already forbid
49、s the use of federal funds to create embryos(theearliest stage of human offspring before birth)for research or to knowingly endanger an embryos life,NBAC willremain silent on embryo research.NBAC members also indicated that they would appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try toc
50、lone humans by body cell nuclear transfer.But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federallaw that would impose a complete ban on human cloning.Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for suchlegislation,but in a phone interview,he said this issue was still“up in the air”.2