1、绝密启用前2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）（科目代码：201）考生注意事项1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分
2、必须使用 2B 铅笔填涂。5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名Section Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memor
3、y and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It 1 in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then 2 starts to slowly decline as we age. But 3 aging is inevitable, scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not b
4、e.One study found that muscle loss and the 4of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors might help prevent or 6 this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat
5、from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and8 that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people 9higher measures of abdominal fat10worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years 11.For women, the association may be 12
6、to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be 13. It is hoped that future studies could 14these differences and perhaps lead to different 15 for men and women. 16 there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lea
7、n muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental18 The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your19 of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.2.1. A pauses B retur
8、nsC peaksD fades2. A alternatively B formallyC accidentallyDgenerally3. A while B since Conce Duntil4. A detection B accumulation C consumptionDseparation5. A possibilityB decisionC goal D requirement6. A delay B ensureC seek Dutilize7. A modified B supportedC included D predicted 8. A devoted B com
9、paredC converted D applied9. A with B aboveCby D against10. A lived B managed C scoredD played 11. A ran out B set offC drew inD went by12. A superior B attributable C parallel D resistant13. A restored B isolated Cinvolved D controlled14. A alterB spread C remove D explain15. A compensations B symp
10、toms C demands D treatments16. A Likewise B Meanwhile C Therefore D Instead17. A change B watch C count D take18. A well-being B process C formationDcoordination19. A level B loveC knowledge D space20. A designB routine C dietD prescriptionSectionReading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the follo
11、wing four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of
12、travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This years rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last years, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI)
13、 measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to
14、 subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands
15、 and the North.However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the sub
16、stantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledge
17、d to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate.This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britains railways.Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be
18、willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the ju
19、stified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.21. The author holds that this years increase in rail passenger faresA has kept pace with inflation.B is a big surprise to commuters.C remains an unreasonable measure.D will ease train operators burden.22. The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is
20、used to stand forA car drivers.B rail travelers.C local investors.D ordinary taxpayers.23. It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operatorsA are offering compensation to commuters.B are trying to repair relations with the unions.C have failed to provide an adequate service.D have suffered huge lo
21、sses owing to the strikes.24. If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to faceA the loss of investment.B the collapse of operations.C a reduction of revenue.D a change of ownership.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?B Co
22、nstant Complaining Doesnt WorkC Can Nationalisation Bring Hope?D Ever-rising Fares Arent SustainableText 2Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesias bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the countrys antipoverty program.In 2007, Indones
23、ia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the
24、 cycle of poverty.Theyre already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs dont generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and
25、environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro , an economist at Johns Hopkins University.Thats because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However, those co
26、rrelations dont prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,Ferraro says.Such programs d
27、o not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesias poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showin
28、g annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 including during Indonesias phase-in of the antipoverty programin 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces. “We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.Thats likely because the rural poor are using the m
29、oney as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybodys guess.Ferraro suggests the results may transfer to other parts o
30、f Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access.And regardless of transferability, the study shows that whats good for people may also be good for the environment. Even if this program didnt reduce poverty, Ferraro says, “the value of the avoided deforestation j
31、ust for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim toA facilitate healthcare reform.B help poor families get better off.C improve local education systems.D lower deforestation rates.27. The study based on an area in Mexi
32、co is cited to show thatA cattle raising has been a major means of livelihood for the poor.B CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles.C antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.D economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.28. In his study about Ind
33、onesia, Ferraro intends to find out A its acceptance level of CCTs.B its annual rate of poverty alleviation.C the relation of CCTs to its forest loss.D the role of its forests in climate change.29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in thatA it will benefit other Asi
34、an countries.B it will reduce regional inequality.Cit can protect the environment.D it can benefit grain production.30. What is the text centered on?A The effects of a program.B The debates over a program.C The process of a study.D The transferability of a study.Text 3As a historian whos always sear
35、ching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past,Ive become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling ( what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). Ive found quite a few, andsince I started posting them on Twitterthey hav
36、e been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could,and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course,
37、I need to concede that my collection of Smiling Victorians makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the midd
38、le distance.How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as si
39、tters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so anon-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and
40、 other portable cameras meant that, though slow by todays digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous.Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the los
41、s of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular pearly whites was
42、a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin ( especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class: drunks,tramps,and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrolls
43、gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.31. According to Paragraph 1, the a
44、uthors posts on Twitter A changed peoples impression of the Victorians.B highlighted social medias role in Victorian studies.C re-evaluated the Victorians notion of public image.D illustrated the development of Victorian photography.32. What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has c
45、ollected?A They are in popular use among historians.B They are rare among photographs of that age.C They mirror 19th-century social conventions.D They show effects of different exposure times.33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?A Their inherent social sensi
46、tiveness.B Their tension before the camera.C Their distrust of new inventions.D Their unhealthy dental condition.34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures wasA a deep-root belief.B a misguided attitude.C a controversial view.D a thought-provoking idea.35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?A Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?B Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?C What made photography develop in the Victorian period?D How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?Text 4From the early days of broad