1、绝密启用前2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）（科目代码：201）考生注意事项1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分
2、必须使用 2B 铅笔填涂。5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名Section Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families dont sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of
3、 Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nations great traditions:the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winters day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now, the food police are determined that this 3 should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure 4 to damage our hea
4、lth.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin- crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread.But where is the ev
5、idence to support such alarmist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle, it could be
6、argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 , it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15 .Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would
7、 life be worth living? 17 , the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 ,but to reduce their lifetime intake. However, their 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective.Constant health scares just 20 with one listening.5.1. A InB Towards C On DTill2. A matchB expres
8、sC satisfy D influence 3. A patienceB enjoymentC surprise D concern4. A intensifiedB privilegedC compelled D guaranteed5. A issuedB receivedC ignored D cancelled6. A underB atC for D by7. A forgetB regretC finish D avoid8. A partially B regularly C easily D initially9. A UnlessB SinceC If D While10.
9、A secondaryB external C conclusive D negative11.A insufficientB boundC likely D slow12.A On the basis ofB At the cost of C In addition to D In contrast to13.A interestingB advisable C urgent D fortunate14.A As usualB In particular C By definition D After all15.A resemblanceB combinationC connection
10、D pattern16.A madeB servedC saved D used17.A To be fairB For instance C To be brief D In general18.A reluctantly B entirely C gradually D carefully19.A promiseB experience Ccampaign D competition20.A follow upB pick up Copen up D end upSectionReading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following
11、 four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of Labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK “town of culture” award. The proposal is that it should sit
12、alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017, and has been awarded to Coventry for 2021. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in 220m of investment and an avalanche of arts, ought not to be confined to cities. Britai
13、ns towns, it is true, are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bid to beat their bigger competitors. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a booby prize
14、for the fact that Britain is no longer able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008. A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration
15、 in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows what will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run “year of culture” washes in and washes out of a plac
16、e like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations
17、 of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light. It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it
18、can be done: Glasgows year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of a complex series of factors that have turned the city into the powerhouse of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A “town of culture” could be not just about the arts but about honouring a towns peculia
19、ritieshelping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people. Jeremy Wright, the culture secretary, should welcome this positive, hope-filled proposal, and tum it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a “town of culture” award couldA consolid
20、ate the town-city ties in Britain.B promote cooperation-among Britains towns.C increase the economic strength of Britains towns.D focus Britains limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some asA a sensible compromise.B a self-deceiving atte
21、mpt.C an eye-catching bonus.D an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if itA endeavours to maintain its image.B meets the aspiration of its people.C brings its local arts to prominence.D commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragra
22、ph 3 to presentA a contrasting case.B a supporting example.C a background story. D a related topic.25. What is the authors attitude towards the proposal?A Skeptical.B Objective.C Favourable.D Critical.Text 2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need journals in whi
23、ch to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secur
24、ed for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existenti
25、al crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to
26、rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, an thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since
27、2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been d
28、riven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being
29、 placed on general release.Yet the new system has not yet worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of prep ring an article. These range from around 500 to $5,000
30、, and apparently the work gets more expensive the more that publishers do it. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these “article preparation costs” had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the eco
31、nomy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26. Scientific publishing is seen as “a licence to print money” partly becauseA its funding
32、 has enjoyed a steady increase.B its marketing strategy has been successful.C its payment for peer review is reduced.D its content acquisition costs nothing.27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier haveA thrived mainly on university libraries.B gone through an existential
33、crisis.C revived the publishing industry.D financed researchers generously.28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? A Relieved.B Puzzled.C Concerned.D Encouraged.29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access termsA allow publishers some room to make money.B render
34、publishing much easier for scientists.C reduce the cost of publication substantially.D free universities from financial burdens.30. Which of the following characterizes the scientific publishing model?A Trial subscription is offered.B Labour triumphs over status.C Costs are well controlled.D The few
35、 feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sp
36、onsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure “gender parity” on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to e
37、nsure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which
38、last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications
39、 unless they are designed to address an “important” policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of “equal protection”.But are such government ma
40、ndates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010
41、 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide c
42、orporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a “golden skirt” phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a v
43、ariety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feelgood but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad willA
44、 help little to reduce gender bias.B pose a threat to the state government.C raise womens position in politics.D greatly broaden career options.32. Which of the following is true of the Califormia measure?A It has irritated private business owners.B It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.C It may go ag
45、ainst the Constitution.D It will settle the prior controversies.33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrateA the harm from arbitrary board decision.B the importance of constitutional guarantees.C the pressure on women in global corporations.D the needlessness of government interventi
46、ons.34. Norways adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led toA the underestimation of elite womens role.B the objection to female participation on boards.C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.D the growing tension between labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?A Womens need in employment should be considered.B