1、feedback has become the nuclear power sources of the modern economy.However,you cant help but33 if these companies are basing their business on fabrications(捏造的东西).I34 that with online surveys I just click the 35 thats closest to my mouse cursor(to get the damn thingoff my screen.Often the star rati
2、ng I give has far more to do with the kind of day Im having than the purchase I justmade.A)announceF)fascinatedK)shiningB)commonplaceG)optionL)showeringC)confessH)promptedM)varietyD)desperateI)roughlyN)voyageE)experienceJ)routinely0)wonderSection BDirections:In this section,you are going to read a p
3、assage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement containsinformation given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.Youmay choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions bymarking the corresponding le
4、tter on Answer Sheet 2.Science of setbacks:How failure can improve career prospectsA)How do early career setbacks affect our long-term success?Failures can help us learn and overcome our fears.Butdisasters can still wound us.They can screw us up and set us back.Wouldnt it be nice if there was genuin
5、e,scientifically documented truth to the expressionwhat doesnt kill you makes you stronger?B)One way social scientists have probed the effects of career setbacks is to look at scientists of very similarqualifications.These scientists,for reasons that are mostly arbitrary,either just missed getting a
6、 research grant orjust barely made it.In social sciences,this is known as examining near missesand narrow winsin areas wheremerit is subjective.That allows researchers to measure only the effects of being chosen or not.Studies in this areahave found conflicting results.In the competitive game of bio
7、medical science,research has been done on scientistswho narrowly lost or won grant money.It suggests that narrow winners become even bigger winners down the line.Inother words,the rich get richer.C)A 2018 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,for example,followed res
8、earchersin the Netherlands.Researchers concluded that those who just barely qualified for a grant were able to get twice asmuch money within the next eight years as those who just missed out.And the narrow winners were 50 percent morelikely to be given a professorship.D)Others in the US have found s
9、imilar effects with National Institutes of Health early-career fellowships launchingnarrow winners far ahead of close losers.The phenomenon is often referred to as the Matthew effect,inspired by theBibles wisdom that to those who have,more will be given.Theres a good explanation for the phenomenon i
10、n thebook The Formula:The Universal Laws of Success by Albert Laszlo Barabasi.According to Barabasi,its easier andless risky for those in positions of power to choose to hand awards and funding to those whove already been sorecognized.2E)This is bad news for the losers.Small early career setbacks se
11、em to have a disproportionate effect down the line.What didnt kill them made them weaker.But other studies using the same technique have shown theres sometimesno penalty to a near miss.Students who just miss getting into top high schools or universities do just as well later inlife as those who just
12、 manage to get accepted.In this case,what didnt kill them simply didnt matter.So is there anyevidence that setbacks might actually improve our career prospects?There is now.F)In a study published in Nature Communications,Northwestern University sociologist Dashun Wang tracked more than1,100 scientis
13、ts who were on the border between getting a grant and missing out between 1990 and 2005.He followedvarious measures of performance over the next decade.These included how many papers they authored and howinfluential those papers were,as measured by the number of subsequent citations.As expected,ther
14、e was a muchhigher rate of attrition(among scientists who didnt get grants.But among those who stayed on,the closelosers performed even better than the narrow winners.To make sure this wasnt by chance,Wang conductedadditional tests using different performance measures.He examined how many times peop
15、le were first authors oninfluential studies,and the like.G)One straightforward reason close losers might outperform narrow winners is that the two groups have comparableability.In Wangs study,he selected the most determined,passionate scientists from the loser group and culledwhat he deemed the weak
16、est members of the winner group.Yet the persevering losers still came out on top.Hethinks that being a close loser might give people a psychological boost,or the proverbial kick in the pants.H)Utrecht University sociologist Arnout van de Rijt was the lead author on the 2018 paper showing the rich ge
17、t richer.He said the new finding is apparently reasonable and worth some attention.His own work showed that although thenarrow winners did get much more money in the near future,the actual performance of the close losers was just asgood.I)He said the people who should be paying regard to the Wang pa
18、per are the funding agents who distribute governmentgrant money.After all,by continuing to pile riches on the narrow winners,the taxpayers are not getting the maximumbang for their buck if the close losers are performing just as well or even better.Theres a huge amount of time andeffort that goes in
19、to the process of selecting who gets grants,he said,and the latest research shows that the scientificestablishment is not very good at distributing money.Maybe we should spend less money trying to figure out who isbetter than who,he said,suggesting that some more equal dividing up of money might be
20、more productive and moreefficient.Van de Rijt said hes not convinced that losing out gives people a psychological boost.It may yet be aselection effect.Even though Wang tried to account for this by culling the weakest winners,its impossible to knowwhich of the winners would have quit had they found
21、themselves on the losing side.J)For his part,Wang said that in his own experience,losing did light a motivating fire.He recalled a recent paper hesubmitted to a journal,which accepted it only to request extensive editing,and then reversed course and rejected it.He submitted the unedited version to a
22、 more respected journal and got accepted.K)In sports and many areas of life,we think of failures as evidence of something we could have done better.We regardthese disappointments as a fate we could have avoided with more careful preparation,different training,a betterstrategy,or more focus.And there
23、 it makes sense that failures show us the road to success.These papers deal with akind of failure people have little control over-rejection.Others determine who wins and who loses.But at the veryleast,the research is starting to show that early setbacks dont have to be fatal.They might even make us
24、better at3our jobs.Getting paid like a winner,though?Thats a different matter.36.Being a close loser could greatly motivate one to persevere in their research.37.Grant awarders tend to favor researchers already recognized in their respective fields.38.Suffering early setbacks might help people impro
25、ve their job performance.39.Research by social scientists on the effects of career setbacks has produced contradictory findings.40.It is not to the best interest of taxpayers to keep giving money to narrow winners.41.Scientists who persisted in research without receiving a grant made greater achieve
26、ments than those who got one withluck,as suggested in one study.42.A research paper rejected by one journal may get accepted by another.43.According to one recent study,narrow winners of research grants had better chances to be promoted to professors44.One researcher suggests it might be more fruitf
27、ul to distribute grants on a relatively equal basis.45.Minor setbacks in their early career may have a strong negative effect on the career of close losersSection C/,个三dikv66Directions:There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.Foreach of
28、 them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and markthe corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Boredom has become trendy.Studies point to how boredom is
29、good for creativity and innovation,as well as mentalhealth.It is found that people are more creative following the completion of a tedious task.When people are bored,theyhave an increase in associative thought-the process of making new connections between ideas,which is linked toinnovative thinking.
30、These studies are impressive,but in reality,the benefits of boredom may be related to having timeto clear your mind,be quiet,or daydream.In our stimulation-rich world,it seems unrealistic that boredom could occur at all.Yet,there are valid reasonsboredom may feel so painful.As it turns out,boredom m
31、ight signal the fact that you have a need that isnt being met.Our always-on world of social media may result in more connections,but they are superficial and can get in the wayof building a real sense of belonging.Feeling bored may signal the desire for a greater sense of community and thefeeling th
32、at you fit in with others around you.So take the step of joining an organization to build face-to-facerelationships.Youll find depth that you wont get from your screen no matter how many likes you get on your post.Similar to the need for belonging,bored people often report that they feel a limited s
33、ense of meaning.Its afundamental human need to have a larger purpose and to feel like were part of something bigger than ourselves.Whenpeople are bored,theyre more likely to feel less meaning in their lives.If you want to reduce boredom and increase yoursense of meaning,seek work where you can make
34、a unique contribution,or find a cause you can support with your timeand talent.If your definition of boredom is being quiet,mindful,and reflective,keep it up.But if youre struggling with realboredom and the emptiness it provokes,consider whether you might seek new connections and more significant4ch
35、allenges.These are the things that will genuinely relieve boredom and make you more effective in the process.46.What have studies found about boredom?A)It facilitates innovative thinking.B)It is a result of doing boring tasks.C)It helps people connect with others.D)It does harm to ones mental health
36、.47.What does the author say boredom might indicate?A)A need to be left alone.C)A conflict to be resolved.B)A desire to be fulfilled.D)A feeling to be validated.48.What do we learn about social media from the passage?A)It may be an obstacle to expanding ones connections.B)It may get in the way of en
37、hancing ones social status.C)It may prevent people from developing a genuine sense of community.D)It may make people feel that they ought to fit in with the outside world.49.What does the author suggest people do to get rid of boredom?A)Count the likes they get on their posts兄您上岸C)Engage in real-lif
38、e interactions.D)Participate in online discussions.50.What should people do to enhance their sense of meaning?A)Try to do something original.C)Define boredom in their unique way.B)Confront significant challenges.D)Devote themselves to a worthy cause.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the fol
39、lowing passage.Can you remember what you ate yesterday?If asked,most people will be able to give a vague description of theirmain meals:breakfast,lunch,dinner.But can you be sure youve noted every snack bar in your car,or every handful ofnuts at your desk?Most people will have a feeling that theyve
40、missed something out.We originally had this suspicion back in 2016,puzzled by the fact that national statistics showed calorieconsumption falling dramatically over past decades.We found reliable evidence that people were drastically under-reporting what they ate.Now the Office for National Statistic
41、s has confirmed that we are consuming 50%more calories than our nationalstatistics claim.Why is this happening?We can point to at least three potential causes.One is the rise in obesity levels itself.Under-reporting rates are much higher for obese people,because they simply consume more food,and thu
42、s have more toremember.5Another cause is that the proportion of people who are trying to lose weight has been increasing over time.Peoplewho want to lose weight are more likely to under-report their eating-regardless of whether they are overweight or not.This may be driven partly by self-deception o
43、r wishful thinking.The final potential cause is an increase in snacking and eating out over recent decades-both in terms of how oftenthey happen and how much they contribute to our overall energy intake.Again,there is evidence that food consumed outof the home is one of the most poorly recorded cate
44、gories in surveys.So,whats the message conveyed?For statistics,we should invest in more accurate measurement options.Forpolicy,we need to focus on options that make it easy for people to eat fewer calories.If people do not know how muchthey are eating,it can be really hard for them to stick to a die
45、t.Also,we should be looking for new ways to ensure whatpeople eat wouldnt have much impact on their waistlines.If this works,it wont matter if they cant remember what theyate yesterday.51.What did the author suspect back in 2016?A)Calorie consumption had fallen drastically over the decades.B)Most pe
46、ople sureyed were rlnetant to reveal what they ateC)The national statistics did not reflect the actual calorie consumption.D)Most people did not include snacks when reporting their calorie intake.52.What has the Office for National Statistics verified?os calorie intake was far from accurately report
47、ed.B)The missing out of main meals leads to the habit of snacking.C)The nations obesity level has much to do with calorie intake.D)Calorie consumption is linked to the amount of snacks one eats.53.What do we learn about obese people from the passage?A)They usually keep their eating habits a secret.B
48、)They overlook the potential causes of obesity.C)They cannot help eating more than they should.D)They have difficulty recalling what they have eaten.54.What often goes unnoticed in surveys on food consumption?A)The growing trend of eating out.B)The potential causes of snacking.C)Peoples home energy consumption.D)Peoples changing diet over the years.55.What does the author suggest policymakers do about obesity?A)Remind people to cut down on snacking.B)Make sure people eat non-fattening food.C)Ensure people dont miss their main meals.D)See that people dont stick to the same diet.6