1、翻 译欢迎光临英对 比 与 翻 译汉English-Chinese Contrast and Translation语义型与形态型语义型与形态型Please translate the following:1.不要人云亦云。不要人云亦云。2.这件事，你做也好，他做也罢，我看谁都这件事，你做也好，他做也罢，我看谁都做不好。做不好。3.惠农政策不断加强。惠农政策不断加强。4.必须采取措施开发新能源。必须采取措施开发新能源。5.你再不起床，我要掀被子了。你再不起床，我要掀被子了。6.你死了，我去当和尚。你死了，我去当和尚。Please compare the underlined words:不要人
2、不要人云云亦亦云云。这件事，你这件事，你做做也好，也好，他他做做也罢，我看谁也罢，我看谁都都做做不好。不好。惠农政策不断惠农政策不断加强加强。必须必须采取采取措施开发新措施开发新能源。能源。你再你再不起床不起床，我要，我要掀掀被子了。被子了。你你死死了，我了，我去当去当和尚。和尚。Dont say what others have said.Whether you do it or he does it,Im afraid neither will do it well.Policies were constantly strengthenedto benefit agriculture.Me
3、asures must be taken to develop new energy resources.If you should refuse to get up,I would pull off your quilt.If you should die,I would go and be a monk.Tense（时态）Voice（语 态）Mood（语气）Lacking inflection in the strict sense缺少严格意义的形态缺少严格意义的形态变化变化老师老师们们、同学、同学们们认真认真的的态度、态度、认真认真地地学习学习Retaining some inflect
4、ions保留较多形态变化保留较多形态变化v.（动词）（动词）:tense,aspect,voice,moodn.（名词）（名词）:number,case,genderpron.（代词）（代词）:person,gender,case,numberadj.（形容词）（形容词）:degreead.（副词）（副词）:degreeChineseEnglish(1)The old man said,“They say his father was a fisherman.Maybe he was as poor as we are now.(2)Most territories were absorbed
5、 into the Russian Empire through colonial expansion under the Tsars.(3)战争战争是国与国之间、民族与民族之间国与国之间、民族与民族之间斗争的最高最高形式。病来如山倒，病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。病去如抽丝。Sickness comes like an avalanche,but goes like reeling silk.I wont go so long as he does.他去我不去。他去我不去。人无远虑，人无远虑，必有近忧。必有近忧。他人老心他人老心不老。不老。Although he has aged physical
6、ly,he remains young at heart.If one has no long-term considerations,he will find trouble at his doorstep.我来他已去。我来他已去。He had left when I arrived.(Condition 条件条件)(Contrast,Opposition 对照、转折对照、转折)(Time Order 时间先后时间先后)(Concession 让步让步)Contrast Between English and ChineseChinese语义型语言语义型语言(以意统形以意统形)Meaning
7、-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence(隐性连贯隐性连贯)English形态型语言形态型语言(以形驭意以形驭意)Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion（显性联接）（显性联接）翻 译欢迎光临Another Major DifferenceLook at the sentence structures of the two languages from another perspective.Look at the sentence structures of the two language
8、s from another perspective:*我的小孙子他很调皮。我的小孙子他很调皮。My little grandson is very naughty.*那辆破车，你早该把它淘汰了。那辆破车，你早该把它淘汰了。You should have thrown away the clunker.The clunker should have been thrown away.*英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。It is by no means easy to learn the English language.Compare the sentence st
9、ructures of the two languages:我的小孙子我的小孙子他很调皮。他很调皮。那辆破车那辆破车，你早该把，你早该把它淘汰了。它淘汰了。英语这门语言英语这门语言，学会，学会它可不容易。它可不容易。My little grandson is very naughty.You should have thrown away the clunker.It is by no means easy to learn the English language.Chinese Structure:Topic-Comment 话题话题-评论评论English Structure:Subje
10、ct-Predicate 主语主语-谓语谓语Contrast Between English and ChineseChineseTopicTopic-prominent prominent LanguageLanguage话题突出型语言话题突出型语言Topic-Comment Sentence Structure（话题（话题-评论结构）评论结构）EnglishSubjectSubject-prominent prominent LanguageLanguage主语突出型语言主语突出型语言Subject-Predicate Sentence Structure（主语（主语-谓语结构）谓语结构）
11、波浪型与树枝型波浪型与树枝型Chinese:wave-like discourse structure（汉语的波式语段结构）汉语的语段结构犹如大海汉语的语段结构犹如大海的波浪，流泻自由，似分似合，的波浪，流泻自由，似分似合，可断可连，主谓难辨，形散神可断可连，主谓难辨，形散神聚。聚。开始我和母亲是不开始我和母亲是不让父亲抽烟的，得了绝让父亲抽烟的，得了绝症后，想开了，抽吧，症后，想开了，抽吧，拣好的买，想抽就抽。拣好的买，想抽就抽。开始我和母亲是不让父亲抽烟的，得了绝开始我和母亲是不让父亲抽烟的，得了绝症后，想开了，抽吧，拣好的买，想抽就抽。症后，想开了，抽吧，拣好的买，想抽就抽。At fir
12、st Mother and I wouldnt let Father smoke.After()contracted the fatal disease,()thought differently.()Just()smoke,()buy the best cigarettes,()smoke whenever()liked to.At first Mother and I wouldnt let Father smoke.After(Father)contracted the fatal disease,(we)thought differently.(We would)Just(let hi
13、m)smoke,(and we would)buy the best cigarettes,(and let him)smoke whenever(he)liked to.Chinese:wave-like discourse structure（汉语的波式语段结构）（汉语的波式语段结构）Rhythmic speech or writing is like waves of the sea,moving onward with alternating rise and fall,connected yet separated,like but different,suggestive of s
14、ome law,too complex for analysis or statement,controlling the relations between wave and wave,waves and sea,phrase and phrase,phrases and speech.H.W.Fowler(1858 1933):H.W.Fowler(1858 1933):节奏感强的语言或文字（指汉语），节奏感强的语言或文字（指汉语），浪峰、浪谷似分似合，彼此相像，又各不浪峰、浪谷似分似合，彼此相像，又各不相同；隐含着某些规律，但却过于复杂，相同；隐含着某些规律，但却过于复杂，难以分析或表述
15、；这些规律规范着波浪与难以分析或表述；这些规律规范着波浪与波浪、波浪与大海、词组与词组、词组与波浪、波浪与大海、词组与词组、词组与语段之间的各种关系。语段之间的各种关系。Chinese:wave-like discourse structure（汉语的波式语段结构）王力（王力（19841984）指出，）指出，“就句子的结构而论，西“就句子的结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”言是人治的。”吕叔湘（吕叔湘（19791979）说，）说，“汉语口语里有特多流水“汉语口语里有特多流水句，一个小句接一个小句，句，一个小句接一个小句，很多地方可断可连。”很多地方可断可连。
16、”English:tree-like sentence structure（英语的树式句子结构）（英语的树式句子结构）英语的句子结构好英语的句子结构好似一棵大树，树干、树似一棵大树，树干、树枝、分枝、树叶互相连枝、分枝、树叶互相连接，结构紧密，形式规接，结构紧密，形式规范。主谓必须一致，构范。主谓必须一致，构成树干；定语、状语等成树干；定语、状语等其余成分均为枝叶，由其余成分均为枝叶，由连接词语与树干相连，连接词语与树干相连，形成一棵完整的大树。形成一棵完整的大树。English:tree-like sentence structure（英语的树式句子结构）Branches and sub-b
17、ranches:Adverbials and attributesTrunk line:S+V+(O)English:tree-like sentence structure（英语的树式句子结构）As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth,China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead.-Jimmy CarterBran
18、ches and sub-branches:Adverbials and attributesTrunk line:S+V+(O)As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth,China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead.-Jimmy CarterAs a nation of gifted people who comp
19、rise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth,China plays in world affairs a role thatcan only grow more important in the years ahead.-Jimmy CarterContrast Between English and ChineseChinesewave-like discourse structure（波式结构）（波式结构）with different sections rise and fall freely like waves
20、without regular rulesEnglishtree-like sentence structure（树式结构）（树式结构）with different parts connected closely like branches and sub-branches to the trunk line(1)刚跟丈夫怄过气，一头湿漉漉的乱发披刚跟丈夫怄过气，一头湿漉漉的乱发披散，站在院子当口，让风使劲地吹。散，站在院子当口，让风使劲地吹。Having just bickered with my husband,I stood irritated in a draught by the g
21、ate of yard,my wet unkempt hair fluttering fiercely over my shoulders.(2)中国学生很灵，一挥而就，洋教师批阅中国学生很灵，一挥而就，洋教师批阅后，评出了最佳作文一篇，学生们听后大后，评出了最佳作文一篇，学生们听后大为不解，这种文章怎么能评为“最佳”？为不解，这种文章怎么能评为“最佳”？The Chinese students of the foreign teacher,quick at writing,finished the homework at one go.He read over the papers befo
22、re picking the one he thought the most excellent.When he read it out to them,they were generally perplexed.Of all the writings,why did he like this one best?But the economic depression of the 1930s and the Second World War(1939-1945)prevented their ideas from being widely realized until economic con
23、ditions improved and war-torn cities had to be rebuilt.不不过，由于过，由于30年代的大萧条和二战，他们的观点年代的大萧条和二战，他们的观点并没有得到广泛认可，之后，经济形势好转，受并没有得到广泛认可，之后，经济形势好转，受战争毁坏的城市也需要重建，他们的观点才得到战争毁坏的城市也需要重建，他们的观点才得到广泛认可。广泛认可。（4）1911年，我出生在一个小县城里，一年，我出生在一个小县城里，一年之中，那里倒有年之中，那里倒有4个月飘着白雪。个月飘着白雪。In 1911，I was born in a small town where th
24、ere was snow for at least four months of the year.语序固定与语序灵活的差异语序固定与语序灵活的差异Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（汉语语序（1）Relatively fixed（相对固定）（相对固定）Order of time（时间先后顺序）（时间先后顺序）Words:Words:古今、先后、早晚、始终、老少、生死古今、先后、早晚、始终、老少、生死 Idioms:Idioms:冬去春来、一呼百应、风平浪静冬去春来、一呼百应、风平浪静 Phrases:Phrases:进城卖菜、离家出走、去教室看书
25、进城卖菜、离家出走、去教室看书 Sentences:Sentences:我们在美国我们在美国读书读书的时候，的时候，结识结识了一位了一位木匠。有一天，木匠木匠。有一天，木匠开开车车接接我们我们去去他家，路上所他家，路上所谈谈，尽是木匠的事，深，尽是木匠的事，深得得其乐其乐Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（汉语语序（2）Order of space（空间大小顺序）（空间大小顺序）Words:Words:大小、宽窄、粗细、长短、厚薄、胖瘦大小、宽窄、粗细、长短、厚薄、胖瘦 Idioms:Idioms:大同小异、长话短说、厚古薄今大同小异、长话短说、厚
26、古薄今 Addresses:Addresses:中国上海闵行区江川路中国上海闵行区江川路690690号号 Sentences:Sentences:一到一到上海上海，我们首先想到，我们首先想到浦东浦东这片改这片改革、开放的热土。于是我们驾车来到革、开放的热土。于是我们驾车来到陆家嘴陆家嘴金融金融开发区，那节次鳞比、神态各异的开发区，那节次鳞比、神态各异的摩天大楼摩天大楼令人令人眼花缭乱。我们决定先登上眼花缭乱。我们决定先登上东方明珠广播电视东方明珠广播电视塔塔Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（汉语语序（3）Order of importance（重
27、轻顺序）（重轻顺序）Words:Words:天地、日月、国家、君臣、优劣、强弱天地、日月、国家、君臣、优劣、强弱 Idioms:Idioms:国破家亡、天久地长、优胜劣汰、恃强国破家亡、天久地长、优胜劣汰、恃强凌弱、一人得道，鸡犬升天凌弱、一人得道，鸡犬升天 Phrases:Phrases:红色的圆木桌、圆形的红木桌、红色的圆木桌、圆形的红木桌、木制的红圆桌木制的红圆桌 Sentences:Sentences:我用这把刀切肉。我用这把刀切肉。这把刀我用来切肉。这把刀我用来切肉。切肉我用这把刀。切肉我用这把刀。Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（汉语
28、语序（4）Order of logic （逻辑顺序：因果，条件（逻辑顺序：因果，条件-结果）结果）志同道合，友谊才会持久。志同道合，友谊才会持久。名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成。名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成。天下雨，运动会延期了。天下雨，运动会延期了。他爱睡懒觉，考试难过关。他爱睡懒觉，考试难过关。English Order of Linguistic Elements英语语序英语语序Relatively flexible order（语序相对灵活）（语序相对灵活）resulting from the use of inflections and connectivesthe Russian
29、 people,the people of Russia,the people living in Russia,the people who live in Russiaan important event an event of importancePhrases:English Order of Linguistic Elements英语语序英语语序志同道合，友谊才会持久。志同道合，友谊才会持久。Friendship will last only if it is based on a common goal.Only if friendship is based on a common
30、 goal,it will last.天下雨，运动会延期了。天下雨，运动会延期了。The sports meet was postponed because of rain.Because of rain,the sports meet was postponed.Relatively flexible order（语序相对灵活）（语序相对灵活）resulting from the use of flections and connectivesSentences:Please compare:我们漫步街头，在中央我们漫步街头，在中央大道附近发现了一个很大大道附近发现了一个很大的棚户区，有很多
31、迹象表的棚户区，有很多迹象表明茅棚里还住了人。明茅棚里还住了人。We saw many signsof occupation while strolling along a street past a major concentration of the huts not far away from the Central Avenue.Pay attention to Chinese order of time and space.我们看到很多住人的迹我们看到很多住人的迹象，当漫步街头走过一个象，当漫步街头走过一个很大的棚户集中地，离中很大的棚户集中地，离中央大道不远。央大道不远。我们漫步我
32、们漫步街头街头，在，在中央中央大道大道附近发现了一个很大附近发现了一个很大的的棚户区棚户区，有很多迹象表，有很多迹象表明明茅棚茅棚里还住了里还住了人人。我们我们漫步漫步街头，在中央街头，在中央大道附近大道附近发现发现了一个很大了一个很大的棚户区，有很多迹象的棚户区，有很多迹象表表明明茅棚里还住了人。茅棚里还住了人。Contrast Between English and ChineseChineseOrder of linguistic elements:relatively fixed like bamboo-making（制竹）（制竹）（语序相对固定）（语序相对固定）EnglishOrde
33、r of linguistic elements:relatively flexible like block-building（积木）（积木）（语序相对灵活）（语序相对灵活）（1）爸爸死了，死于车祸，妈妈又改了嫁，爸爸死了，死于车祸，妈妈又改了嫁，顾不了他，真可怜。顾不了他，真可怜。He was then a poor boy indeed when his father died of accident and his mother,remarried,could not attend to him.（2）容闳出生在广东省香山县南屏村的一容闳出生在广东省香山县南屏村的一个贫苦农民家庭。个贫
34、苦农民家庭。Rong Hong was born into a poor peasants family of Nanping village,Xiangshan county,Guangdong province.社会主义核心价值观社会主义核心价值观 core socialist values（4）只有具备广博的知识面，才能成为合只有具备广博的知识面，才能成为合格的翻译。格的翻译。Only if you have a wide range of knowledge can you be a qualified translator.You can be a qualified transla
35、tor only if you have a wide range of knowledge.5.We have been dismayed at home while reading of natural calamities that followed one another after we left China in 1959.1959年我们离开了中国，之后中国发生了年我们离开了中国，之后中国发生了一个接一个的自然灾害，我们在国内读到一个接一个的自然灾害，我们在国内读到这一消息，心情很低落。这一消息，心情很低落。狮子型与孔雀型狮子型与孔雀型Chinese:left-extending,
36、heavy-headed like a lion树一棵树一棵大树一棵枝繁叶茂的大树校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树外交学院校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树展览馆路24号外交学院校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树Limited left-extending structure青岛是一座气候宜人、风景秀丽、建筑风格多样、令人流连忘返的海滨城市。青岛是一座海滨城市，这里气候宜人，风景秀丽，建筑风格多样，令人流连忘返。English:right-extendingheavy-tailed like a peacockThis is the cat.This is the cat that killed the rat.This
37、 is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that was built by Jack.Contrast Between English and ChineseChineseChinese:left-extending,heavy-hea
38、ded like a lion(limitedly so)狮子型语言狮子型语言EnglishEnglish:right-extendingheavy-tailed like a peacock(almost unlimitedly so)孔雀型语言孔雀型语言（1）揭穿这种老八股、老教条的丑态给人揭穿这种老八股、老教条的丑态给人民看，号召人民起来反对老八股、老教条，民看，号召人民起来反对老八股、老教条，是五四运动时期的一个极大成功。是五四运动时期的一个极大成功。译文一：译文一：The exposure of the ugliness of the old stereotype and dogma
39、 and the call for the people to rise against them were a tremendous achievement of the May.4thMovement.译文二：译文二：A tremendous achievement of the May.4thMovement was its public exposure of the ugliness of the old stereotype and dogma and its call for people to rise against them.（2）孙中山先生为追求民族独立、民主自孙中山先生
40、为追求民族独立、民主自由和民生幸福贡献了毕生精力。由和民生幸福贡献了毕生精力。Dr.Sun Yat-sen devoted all his life to national independence,democracy,freedom and peoples welfare.（3）必须加快形成企业自主经营、公平竞必须加快形成企业自主经营、公平竞争、消费者自由选择、自主消费、商品和争、消费者自由选择、自主消费、商品和要素自由流动、平等交换的现代市场体系。要素自由流动、平等交换的现代市场体系。We must put in place a modern market system in which
41、enterprises enjoy independent management and fair competition,consumers have free choice and make autonomous consumption decisions,products and factors of production flow freely and are exchanged on an equal basis.（4）The most recent example of Australias sporting prowess is its athletes success at t
42、he Sydney 2000 Olympic and Paralympic games.译文一：澳大利亚体育实力的最新例子是译文一：澳大利亚体育实力的最新例子是其运动员在其运动员在2000年悉尼奥运会和残奥会上年悉尼奥运会和残奥会上的成功。的成功。译文二：在译文二：在2000年悉尼奥运会和残奥会上，年悉尼奥运会和残奥会上，澳大利亚运动员大获成功，这是其体育实澳大利亚运动员大获成功，这是其体育实力的最新范例。力的最新范例。中华人民共和国建国中华人民共和国建国50周年大庆，澳门回周年大庆，澳门回归祖国，我国加入世贸组织的突破性进展归祖国，我国加入世贸组织的突破性进展等诸多重大喜事，无不让人感到兴奋
43、和自等诸多重大喜事，无不让人感到兴奋和自豪。豪。译文：译文：Such major happy events as the 50thanniversary of the founding of the PRC,the return of Macao to the motherland,and a breakthrough in the negotiations on Chinas accession to the WTO have filled the Chinese people with excitement and pride.这句话的整体结构是“诸多重大喜事，无不让人这句话的整体结构是“
44、诸多重大喜事，无不让人感到兴奋和自豪”，诸多重大喜事前面的成成份感到兴奋和自豪”，诸多重大喜事前面的成成份是其同位修饰成份，介绍了喜事的内容，符合汉是其同位修饰成份，介绍了喜事的内容，符合汉语头重的特点。而上面的译文有什么问题呢？显语头重的特点。而上面的译文有什么问题呢？显然头重脚轻。可以将译文改为：然头重脚轻。可以将译文改为：All these major events have filled the Chinese people with excitement and pride,including the 50thanniversary of the founding of the PR
45、C,the return of Macao to the motherland,and a breakthrough in the negotiations on Chinas accession to the WTO.流动与固定流动与固定English:fixed point of sight（视点固定）“我会揍你的。我会揍你的。”“不，你不会。不，你不会。”“是的，我会的。是的，我会的。”“不，你不会的。不，你不会的。”“我会的。我会的。”“你不会的。你不会的。”“会！会！”“不会！不会！”“I can lick you.”“No,you cant.”“Yes,I can.”“No,you
46、 cant.”“I can.”“you cant.”“Can!”“Cant!”“I can lick you.”“No,you cant.”“Yes,I can.”“No,you cant.”“I can.”“you cant.”“Can!”“Cant!”我要揍你。我要揍你。你敢！你敢！敢又怎么样？敢又怎么样？那你就试试吧！那你就试试吧！试试？哼，你等着瞧！试试？哼，你等着瞧！等着瞧？我才不怕呢！等着瞧？我才不怕呢！不怕，好，那你休想逃走。不怕，好，那你休想逃走。谁逃了？来呀，你揍啊！谁逃了？来呀，你揍啊！Chinese:moving point of sight（视点流动）我要我要揍揍你。你
47、。你你敢敢！敢敢又怎么样？又怎么样？那你就那你就试试试试吧！吧！试试试试？哼，你等着？哼，你等着瞧瞧！等着等着瞧瞧？我才？我才不怕不怕呢！呢！不怕不怕，好，那你休想，好，那你休想逃逃走。走。谁谁逃逃了？来呀，你了？来呀，你揍揍啊！啊！“I can lick you.”“No,you cant.”“Yes,I can.”“No,you cant.”“I can.”“you cant.”“Can!”“Cant!”Please compare:cancancancancantcantcantcant揍敢试瞧怕逃Contrast Between English and ChineseChinesemo
48、ving point of sight（视点流动）（视点流动）Englishfixed point of sight（视点固定）（视点固定）Six Major Differences Between English and Chinese英汉六大差异英汉六大差异（1）北京的冬季，地上还有积雪，灰黑色北京的冬季，地上还有积雪，灰黑色的秃树枝丫叉于晴朗的天空中，而远处有的秃树枝丫叉于晴朗的天空中，而远处有一二风筝浮动，在我是一种惊异和悲哀。一二风筝浮动，在我是一种惊异和悲哀。When,in late winter in Beijing,there was still snow on the gro
49、und and,up in the air,an entanglement of dark-gray bare branches against a sunny sky,a couple of kites were already fluttering up and down in the distance a sight that filled me with amazement and forlornness.（2）由美国次贷危机而引发的金融风暴不由美国次贷危机而引发的金融风暴不断在全球蔓延，世界经济面临衰退的风险，断在全球蔓延，世界经济面临衰退的风险，各种不确定因素对中国经济产生了不利的
50、各种不确定因素对中国经济产生了不利的影响。影响。译文：译文：The globally ongoing spreading financial crisis caused by the subprime mortgage crisis in the United States has put the world economy at the risk of recession and brought about various uncertainties which have exerted negative impacts on Chinas economy.（3）少时留居家乡，当春雨像鹅毛一