1、Chapter 6主体段扩展&结尾段写作&词汇（内容）提高概论及方法 by William,目录,1.主体段扩展 1.1 主体段扩展方法1：例证+分析 1.2 扩展方法2：逻辑分析+例证支持&重要性论述方法4.词汇该如何加强的指导思想（上）论证扩展方法补充论证方法之举例以及其中的词汇加强&常见话题素材积累总结段常见套路议论文的其他结构,Section 1主体段扩展思路、方法、句型,1.1 正向连续因果论述,一些并非不言自明的因果逻辑需要更深入地分析而不是告诉读者说我说对就对，我说是就是。比如我们不能直接斩钉截铁地说：对开车的人收税能减少人们开车。而是应该写成：对开车的人收税能够推升开车的成本，
2、从而让人们考虑转变交通方式。从A=C的一层因果关系 变成A=B=C 的两层因果关系甚至有的时候会变成A=B=C=D三层因果关系或 A=B=C=D=E四层因果关系,正向因果,一层因果关系的推荐结构：1.衔接词结构,正向因果,一层因果关系的推荐结构：2.谓语表因果,正向因果,一层因果关系的推荐结构：3.Sth which 原因，结果,正向因果,两层因果关系的推荐结构：句式1.一层因果关系,thereby/thus/therefore doing An extra tax can inevitably raise the cost of driving,thus forcing a large nu
3、mber of drivers to shift to public means of transport like underground or buses.,正向因果,两层因果关系的推荐结构：句式2：一层因果关系+and thereby The policy,which is equal to depriving the wage earning class of the right to use private vehicles,is a biased one and will thereby incur a mass protests of the public.,正向因果,三层因果关
4、系的推荐结构：句式2：两层因果,doing The policy,which is equal to depriving the wage earning class of the right to use private vehicles,is a biased one and will thereby incur a mass protests of the public,posing huge threats to the stability of the whole society.,正向因果,因果反向：需求/重要性论述,方法思路1：理论分析+例证,除了正向的表达：A=CA=B=C我们
5、还可以反过来想证明A对C重要：C 需要 A：C需要B，B又刚好需要A,例题,Supporters of abiding conventional rules may believe that we can at least learn some lessons from these pre-summarized wisdoms.,例题,结构,在写完段落中心句以后写：A depend largely on C which requires B,范例：,Supporters of abiding conventional rules may believe that we can at least
6、 learn some lessons from these pre-summarized wisdoms.Whatever culture is discussed,the well-beings of every individual and the society as a whole depend largely on the self-discipline of every single person,which exactly requires the cultivation of its traditions.,结构,段落中心句+A depend largely on C whi
7、ch requires B+For example,without B(B的某个具体提现)，很难想象C（C的某个具体体现）,范例：,Supporters of abiding conventional rules may believe that we can at least learn some lessons from these pre-summarized wisdoms.Whatever culture is discussed,the well-beings of every individual and the society as a whole depend largely
8、 on the self-discipline of every single person,which exactly requires the cultivation of its traditions.For example,without the vivid illustration of moral disciplines in some interesting traditional stories,it would be hard for teenagers to learn efficiently how to behave correctly.,例题2,Ambition是好是
9、坏？,例题2,Ambition是好是坏？Traditional views that praise the benefits of being motivated were not entirely misguided.The success of any individual in any field often requires constant efforts,which warrants a certain amount of ambition.如果加一个例子（例子平时要积累）For example,it would have been hard for Ma Yun,a Chines
10、e tycoon famous for his payment giant Alipay,to persevere in the hardship during the process of starting his business,had he not had his great ambition to establish his own cyber-based shopping platform.,Section 2各类举例论证&话题素材积累,对于举例的改善（从例证内容的详实程度和词汇两方面下手）,举例的方法值得学习：第一类：由观点-例子（事例）For example/instance,
11、A case in point is that/其他副词：Most obviously/conspicuously,.“冒号”(略有列举的感觉)通过句子通过解释原因引入例子,对于举例的改善（从例证内容的详实程度和词汇两方面下手）,和艺术好处相关的素材积累The optimists argue that the investment in art is a good way to enrich citizens life as well as to make our cities more attractive:some easy-to-reach art exhibitions or some
12、 concerts of famous singers can not only provide the audience with enjoyment of art but also give them the opportunity to improve their artistic appreciation standard.,对于举例的改善（从例证内容的详实程度和词汇两方面下手）,和艺术好处相关的素材积累The optimists argue that the investment in art is a good way to enrich citizens life as well
13、 as to make our cities more attractive.Most obviously,some easy-to-reach art exhibitions or some concerts of famous singers can not only provide the audience with enjoyment of art but also give them the opportunity to improve their artistic appreciation standard.,对于举例的改善（从例证内容的详实程度和词汇两方面下手）,和艺术好处相关的
14、素材积累The optimists argue that the investment in various types of art projects is a good way to enrich citizens life:with easy-to-reach art exhibitions scattered all over the city,amateurs can easily get the access to extraordinary masterpieces to enjoy their beauty;the proliferating sculptures also e
15、ntails great benefits,for they are often able to educate the citizens through presenting the heros image of historic figures or the experience summed up from events in the past.,对于举例的改善（从例证内容的详实程度和词汇两方面下手）,The optimists argue that the investment in various types of art projects is a good way to enri
16、ch citizens life.This can be best understood if one can experience the benefits realized by scattering art exhibitions all over the city.By doing this amateurs can easily get the access to extraordinary masterpieces to enjoy their beauty.Besides,the proliferating sculptures also entails great benefi
17、ts,for they are often able to educate the citizens through presenting the heros image of historic figures or the experience summed up from events in the past.,对于举例的改善（从例证内容的详实程度和词汇两方面下手）,常见用来举例的句型：This can be best understood/revealed through It could also be manifested through/with,对于举例的改善（从例证内容的详实程
18、度和词汇两方面下手）,Those standing firmly behind the harsh penalty are not entirely misguided,对于举例的改善（从例证内容的详实程度和词汇两方面下手）,Those standing firmly behind such a view are not entirely misguided,not least because the criminal of severe offences are often very unlikely to be moralized by education:死刑犯人往往因为内心对生命没有尊
19、重而犯下罪行，这种尊重不是几个月就能通过成人教育获得的。,对于举例的改善（从例证内容的详实程度和词汇两方面下手）,举例的方法值得学习：第二类：对名词举例（词例）Such asLikeIncludingfrom to ranging from to for example/especially,对于举例的改善（从例证内容的详实程度和词汇两方面下手）,和艺术好处相关的素材积累The optimists argue that the investment in art is a good way to enrich citizens life as well as to make our citie
20、s more attractive.For example,visiting some easy-to-reach art exhibitions displaying master pieces,from extraordinary paintings which depict splendid landscape to expressive sculptures reflecting the wonderful craftsmanship of ancient or contemporary artisans,a man could be easily immersed into a wo
21、rld so full of beauty and pure enjoyment that helps prevent him from leading a depraved life.Besides,a citys allure for tourists could also be manifested with more statues describing historic figures or events that wait for discovery.,对于举例的改善（举例方式上创新，不要太定式化）,举例只能用for example;such as;from to 来举例么？Bes
22、ides,a citys allure for tourists could also be manifested with more statues describing historic figures or events that wait for discovery.你能说这不是举例么？只要提到了具体东西的句子都算举例。,例证丰富具体化；举例方式多样；素材积累,Some people think individuals are more and more dependent on each other.Others,however,think that individuals are
23、more and more independent.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.,例证丰富具体化；举例方式多样；素材积累,人们互相依赖么？A quick reflection on a typical day reveals how much our modern life relies on each other:In terms of food supply,the most basic necessity of our lives,the majority of us have no choice but to purchas
24、e farm products which are grown or fed by farmers and further processed in factories.During work,chances are high that a huge and comprehensive project is to be divided into several parts or modules which would be assigned to different groups or different individual employees.The modern society is l
25、ike a well-oiled machine fuelled by an efficient division of work and the collaboration of labour from all walks of life.,例证丰富具体化；素材积累,水资源紧张现状：A closer examination of the current situation uncovers the seriousness of the water issue:except for big metropolises which enjoy a constant water provision,
26、there are still a large number of towns and villages worldwide that cannot even guarantee enough drinking water.,例证丰富具体化；素材积累,科技给生活带来的好处：A quick reflection ona typical day reveals how much modern life has relied on electronic devices.On the way to office or school,most of us are using mobile phones
27、that can provide us with a variety of contents that newspapers could not in the past.During work hours,instead of exchanging documents on thousands of pieces of paper,employees of todays organisations are now discussing their business online through a computer.The enormous efficiencies brought by th
28、ese advancing technologies have revolutionized almost every aspect of the world.,Section 3文章结尾段套路,套路1：,重述总论点：Upon a careful evaluation of both sides of the view,I subscribe to the notion that 重述分论点：利用转折逻辑,套路2：,重述总论点：Despite the validity of(the concerns),it is still unwise to 重述分论点：利用因果逻辑,练习,Some peo
29、ple think developing countries should invite foreign companies to open branches,offices and factories to promote their economies.Others say that they should keep the foreign companies out and depend more on their own local companies.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.,练习,总论点：支持开放的态度分论点：1.自
30、己独立发展固然有一些好处，比如资源更多地会被用在本国，而不用担心外国资本用钱透支了本国的资源。然而闭门造车和固步自封也有太多沉痛的教训。2.更加开放的发展模式不仅能从国外带来雄厚的资本，还能带来更先进的技术和思维，至于说资源和环境污染问题，只要政府重视，是可以解决或者至少控制的。,练习,套路1 总结Upon a careful evaluation of both sides of the view,I subscribe to the notion that it is wiser to encourage foreign investment.Although this may give
31、rise to various issues like the excessive exploitation of resources and serious pollution,but compared to the time when we suffered from poverty and the lack of technology,at least we can be richer in both economy and knowledge so that we will have the power to face any problems.,练习,套路2 总结Despite th
32、e validity of concerns about resources and the employment in a short run,it is still unwise to preclude foreign brands and goods from entering domestic development,since compared to the time when we suffered from poverty and the lack of technology,at least we can be richer in both economy and knowle
33、dge so that we will have the power to face any problem.,Section 4其他可用结构,4.1分类讨论结构,在雅思考试中，我们有时会碰到一类题，你明显地发现这些题目的某些说法不是绝对成立的。例如：Some people think that advertising aimed at children should be banned.To what extent do you agree or disagree?It is sometimes said that people should be encouraged to get mar
34、ried before they are 30,as this is best both for the individual and for society.Do you agree or disagree?,4.1分类讨论结构,对于这种题目我们是没有必要去支持任何一方的，也没有必要去套用 前面说的 optimists&critics 方法这类文章直说就好，在一些情况下，该。在另一些情况下，不该。可用结构：主体段也是写两段：On the one hand,there are indeed some occasions on which On the other hand,if,it is t
35、otally another story.,4.1分类讨论结构,Some people think everyone should be a vegetarian because people dont need to eat meat to stay healthy.To what extent do you agree or disagree?对于这种特别没话可说的题目来说，分类讨论法就更好用了。,4.1分类讨论结构,分类讨论的结尾段：常见套路：In conclusion,therefore,there are situations,such as when,in which the cl
36、aim holds some merit.However,if the subjects in our discussion are,the truth to the claim is limited.,4.1分类讨论结构,In conclusion,therefore,there are situations,such as when someone suffers from some diseases resulting from obesity,in which the claim holds some merit.However,if the subjects in our discu
37、ssion are normal people who are in need of various nutrients to support their daily lives,the truth to the claim is limited.,4.2一边倒结构,某些极少数情况下，我们也可能会用到一边倒机构但请注意，Discuss both views的题型是一定不会用到一边倒结构的。,一边倒结构的常用段落开头,第一个主体段:To begin with,The most obvious argument in its favour is that 第二个主体段：Another reason
38、 in favour of this claim is that或In addition,最后一个主体段：Last but not least,范例,例：Some experts believe that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at primary school rather than secondary school.Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?,范例,The obvious argument in its fa
39、vour is that young children pick up languages much more easily than teenagers.Their brains are still programmed to acquire their mother tongue,which facilitates learning another language,and unlike adolescents,they are not inhabited by self-consciousness.In addition,the greater flexibility of the pr
40、imary timetable allows for more frequent,shorter,sessions and for a play-centred approach,thus maintaining learners enthusiasm and progress.Their command of the language in later life will benefit from this early exposure,while learning other languages subsequently will be easier for them.They may also gain a better understanding of other cultures.,