1、11. .用于某些形容词前，使之名词化，表示 一类人或事物。例如:The rich are not always happier than the poor. The young年轻人；the old老年人；the poor穷人；the injured受伤的人12.用于复数的姓氏前，表示夫妇二人或全家人。例如:The Greens are at table. The Chens will move to Nanjing.13.用于江、河、湖、海，山脉与群岛等专有名词前。例如:the Yangtze River the Huanghe River the West Lake the Red Se
2、a the Philippines the Hawaiian Islands14. 乐器前。乐器的名词前。例如:the working class the Communist Youth League play the piano play the violin注意：I bought a piano yesterday。15.身体的某部位接受外来的动作时，在表示该部位的名词前，必须用定冠词，不可以用物主代词替换。例如:She caught me by the arm. His father hit him on the head. He patted her in the head Punch
3、 sb in the noise。16.用于年的复数形式前，表示年代。例如:in the 1990s In the 1870s, Marx was already in his fifties.不定冠词：1.表示“一个”的意思，与数词one相同。例如：Rome was not built in a day. 罗马不是一天建成的；伟业非一日之功 2.表示一类人或事物。例如：A dog is a faithful（忠诚的） animal. Even a woman can do it.3.表示“每一”，相当于per，用于某些表示时 间、重量、长度等单位前。例如：He earns two thous
4、and yuan a month. The train is running sixty miles(英 里)an hour.4.表示同样的人或事物，相当于the same。例如：Birds of a feather（羽毛） flock (一群）together. 一群同样羽毛的鸟在一起 They are people of a kind.5.物质名词或抽象名词前用a 或an表示具体意义、制成品或种类。例如：Green tea is a wonderful tea. She is a beauty.（美人） Please give me a coffee.6.用于人名前，表示说话者对此人不认识
5、，相当于“a certain”，也可指于某名人有类似性质的人或事物。例如：A Mr Chen came to see you this morning. He wishes to become a Newton.7.有些世界上独一无二的东西，如sun, moon, sky, universe（宇宙）,world（世间，地球） ,earth （地球）等，一般前面要用定冠词，但当他们前面有修饰语时，则要用不定冠词。例如：We hope we can see a full moon tonight. He sat in a chair, looking at a starry 布满星星的 sky.8
6、.在作单数可数名词定语的形容词最高级前，如果不表示“最”，而表“非常”，则用不定冠词。例如：That is a best dictionary. This is a most troublesome（费事的） case. （情形，情况)9.序数词前，一般有定冠词，但当表示“又一个”时，则要用不定冠词。例如：They have a second house. When I sat down, a fifth man rose (动词,rise的过去式 “站起来”）to speak. 10.季节、月份、日期、三餐前有修饰语时，用不定冠词。例如：We had a wonderful lunch. W
7、e had a very cold winter last year. 11.用在某些固定的短语中例如：once upon a time （从前） in a hurry（匆匆忙忙） have a rest have a good time have a look all of a sudden （突然地） have a cold/fever（发热）/cough/headache/pain（疼痛）补充：当单数可数名词之前有too, so, as, however, how等修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。 例：1) I have never seen so amusing a film. 我从
8、来没有看过这么有趣的电影。 2) The job is too difficult a job for them to do. 这个工作对他们来说太难了。 不定冠词在与 half, quite, such, what, rather等连用时，通常放在这些词之后。但是当rather和quite所修饰的名词前有形容此时，不定冠词a也可放在quite和rather之前。 例：1) She is quite a good actress.( She is a quite good actress) 她是一个好演员。 2) That job id rather a bore. 那份工作相当无聊。零冠词：
9、1.不含普通名词的专有名词前（包括人名、地名、国名、车站、街名、公园等），不用冠词。例如:China is the largest country in Asia. I met Tom at Beijing Station yesterday. The building stands on Lincoin Street.2.当抽象名词表示一般概念时不用冠词。例如:Failure is the mother of success. Honesty is the best policy.3.物质名词表示一般概念时，不用冠词例如:Water boils at 100. Everyone needs
10、fresh air.注：当表示特指（特别是有限定性定语） 时，常用定冠词。例如:The water in the well is fit to drink. The air in the room is too bad.4.在表示月份、季节、假节、星期等名词前，不用加冠词。例如:Christmas Day, New Years DayNational Day, Womens DayMay Day, Childrens Day注:中国的传统节日前要用冠词，例如： the Mid-Autumn Festival the Spring Festival, the Dragon Festival5.在
11、表示一日三餐和球类棋类的名词前，不用冠词。例如:Do you often have a rest after lunch? Playing chess is very interesting.6.在表示只有一人担任的头衔或职位的名词不作主语时，以及表示头衔职位的名词与姓氏连用时，不用冠词。例如:We have elected Tom monitor of our class. Premier Zhou is on a visit to Japan.7.当名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时，不用冠词。例如:She is my first teacher. Every stud
12、ent must hand in his exercise book.8.在表示学科的名词前，不用冠词。例如:English is not difficult to learn.注:如果学科名词作修饰语时，其前常用冠词。例如:I think the English language is difficult to learn.9.用by表示运输，通讯等方式时，名词前不加冠词。例如:by ship/bus/plane/air by hand by letter by land10.出现kind of/sort of/type of+名词时，该名词前不加冠词。例如:I think this kin
13、d of car is better. She is not my type of woman.11.turn 和go作“变为，成为”解时，后面的名词不用冠词。例如:He was a medical student before he turned writer. He has gone socialist(社会主义者).注:become表示“变成，成为”，后面的名词 要用不定冠词。例如： He became a doctor when he grew up.12.在一个以“普通名词+as/though”开始的 让步状语从句中，名词前不加冠词。例如：Child as he is, he kno
14、ws a lot.专、抽、物质名， 月、季、假节、星； 三餐与球棋， 头衔与职称； 已有代词作定语莫费工。冠词加与不加的区别：在某些习惯用语中，用还是不用冠词，意义不同，有时甚至差别很大使用时要特别注意。1.at table 进餐 at the table 在桌子旁2.in hospital 住院 in the hospital 在医院里3.by sea 乘船 by the sea 在海边4.in future 从今以后，将来 in future 未来5.on earth 究竟 on the earth 在地球上，在世上6.go to school/church 上学/做礼拜 go to th
15、e school/church到学校/教堂去7. in front of 在（外部的）前面 in the front of在（内部的）前面8. take place 发生 take the place of 代替9.out of question 毫无疑问，一定 out of the question 不可能课后作业：1. There used to be _beautiful old bridge, but during the war_bridge was blown up. A. the, the B. a, the C. a, a D. the, a2. When we saw her
16、 face, we knew_was bad. A. the news B. some news C. a news D. news3. _is very important in daily life. A. Friendship B. The friendship C. Friendships D. A friendship4. “Make yourself_and help yourself to some candy.” Mary said to me. A. at the home B. in the home C. at home D. in home5. The man was
17、put_for theft. A. in the prison B. at the prison C. in prison D. into prison6. Ill never forget _ of 1983 when I entered college. A. a summer B. summer C. the summer D. summers7. I went to _bed to pick up some papers that I had left on it. A. the B. a C. a small D. /8. His honesty is _. He can be al
18、ways trusted. A. out of question B. out of the question C. not the question D. in the question9. On Sundays, they often go to _to hear music. A. a church B. the church C.church D. some churches10. The dancer and _ have arrived already. A. singer B. a singer C. the singer D. singers11. _are a brave a
19、nd hardworking people. A. Chinese B. The Chinese C. A Chinese D. Some Chinese12. Mercury(水银) freezes if it is cooled to _. A. a too low temperature B. too low temperature C. a low too temperature D. too low a temperature13. Thank you, sir. You have done me_. A. kindness B. a kindness C. kind D. the
20、kindness14. “How did you pay the workers?” “As a rule, they paid_.” A. by an hour B. by the hour C. by a hour D. by hours15. At least he was there in time to tell his adventures to Jim while Jim did_of the work. A. three-fourths B. three-fourth C. threes-fourths D. threes-fourth16. She often showed
21、herself off by playing_ piano in public. A. / B. the C. a D. an17. We have produced_this year as we did in 1993. A. as much cotton twice B. as twice much cotton C. much as twice cotton D. twice as much cotton18. The wheels of the old wagon are nearly_those of a modern car. A. three times the size B. three times size of C. three times size of D. three times the sizes of