1、Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.The contents,or parts thereof,may be reproduced in print form for non-profit educational use with McGraw-Hill Reading Wonders provided such reproductions bear copyright notice,but may not be reproduced in any form for anyother purpose wi
2、thout the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,including,but not limited to,network storage or transmission,or broadcast for distance learning.Send all inquiries to:McGraw-Hill EducationTwo Penn PlazaNew York,New York 101213 4 5 6 7 8 9 ONL 17 16 15 14 13 C The McGraw-Hill Compani
3、es,Inc.Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.Table of ContentsCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.Introduction 2Oral Reading Fluency Norms Chart 5Administering Fluency Assessments 6Letter Naming Fluency Assessment 8Phoneme Segmentation Fluency Assessment 10Sight Word Fluency Assessment 12Grade
4、 1 Assessments 14Grade 2 Assessments 62Grade 3 Assessments 122Grade 4 Assessments 182Grade 5 Assessments 242Grade 6 Assessments 302Answers to Comprehension Questions 362Fluency Assessment Table of Contents 1Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.IntroductionWhat Is Fluency?Fluency is the critical b
5、ridge between two key elements of readingdecoding and comprehension.In its 2000 report,the National Reading Panel defined it as“the ability to read text quickly,accurately,and with proper expression.”Fluency has several dimensions.Successful readers must decode words accurately.But they must move be
6、yond decoding and recognize words in connected text quickly and automatically.They must also read with expression in order to bring meaningful interpretation to the text.All three dimensionsaccurate decoding,automaticity,and ability to read expressivelywork together to create effective comprehension
7、 and overall success in reading.In its 1994 study of reading,the National Assessment of Educational Progress(NAEP)established a clear connection between fluency and comprehension.NAEP defined fluency as the ease or“naturalness”of reading.It recognized certain key elements as contributing to fluency.
8、These included the reader s grouping or phrasing of words as shown through intonation,stress,and pauses and the reader s adherence to the author s syntax.They also included expressiveness as reflected by the reader s interjection of a sense of feeling,anticipation,or characterization in oral reading
9、.These elements are called prosody.When readers use appropriate volume,tone,emphasis,and phrasing,they give evidence of comprehension.They demonstrate that they are actively constructing meaning from the text.Why Is Fluency Important?Fluency is critical because it directly impacts the comprehension
10、process.For years,teachers thought that if students could decode words accurately,they would become strong readers.Fluency,which has been referred to as a“neglected”aspect of reading,received little attention.Now it is recognized as one of the five critical components of reading.Researchers have poi
11、nted out that people can successfully focus on only one thing at a time.They can,however,do more than one thing at a time if one of those things is so well learned that it can be done automatically.In its simplest form,reading can be seen as(1)word identification or decoding and(2)comprehension,or t
12、he active construction of meaning.Effective readers cannot focus on both of these processes at the same time.If a reader is focused almost entirely on decoding,that reader will have few resources left over for constructing meaning.Only when readers can read the words in connected text automatically
13、are they free to focus their attention on making inferences,drawing conclusions,and applying other critical thinking skills associated with constructing meaning.2 Fluency Assessment IntroductionCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.A fluent reader generally reads with speed and accuracy,but in add
14、ition usually displays these kinds of behaviors:Recognizes words automatically Applies graphophonic,semantic,and syntactic cues to recognize unfamiliar words Segments texts into meaningful chunks Emulates the sounds and rhythms of spoken language while reading aloudA nonfluent reader,in contrast,may
15、 display these kinds of behaviors:Reads slowly and laboriously Processes text word-by-word in a choppy manner Frequently ignores punctuation Fails to use meaningful phrasing Shows little certainty when reading high-frequency wordsFluency does not mean only rapid reading.Occasionally,you will come ac
16、ross a nonfluent reader who is able to read text rapidly but fails to use appropriate phrasing.This reader often ignores meaning and punctuation.As a result,this reader struggles to answer questions about what has been read and fails to grasp the intent of the text.Why Assess Fluency?Students need t
17、o be fluent in order to be proficient readers.Their oral reading fluency can be improved through explicit training,but you need to assess their fluency level before you can determine what specific fluency-building activities and materials will be appropriate.In addition,students excel in reading whe
18、n they are given opportunities to read as much connected text as possible at their independent level.Fluency assessment helps you determine what this level is.The oral reading fluency assessments in this book answer this question:How many words can a student read aloud per minute and how many of the
19、se words are read correctly?This book also helps you observe reading performance beyond speed and accuracy by providing a rubric similar to the one developed by NAEP.This 4-level rubric takes into account additional aspects of fluency,such as prosody.How and When to AssessKindergarten through Early
20、First GradeUntil children can decode and automatically recognize many words by sight,they cannot be expected to read aloud effortlessly and expressively.That is why formally assessing their oral reading fluency at this early stage is not recommended.However,it is highly recommended that kindergarten
21、 children be involved in fluency-building activities,such as listening to books being read aloud and imitating auditory models of natural speech.Toward the end of kindergarten,children can be given opportunities to reread familiar,predictable,and decodable text to build fluency.Fluency Assessment In
22、troduction 3Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.Some assessments for children at these grade levels are considered valuable.By assessing letter naming,phoneme segmentation,and sight word fluency during kindergarten and the early part of Grade 1,teachers can determine what type of fluency-buildin
23、g activities and materials to provide.Assessments for these skill areas appear on pages 813.Mid-year of Grade 1 through Grade 6Curriculum-based assessment of oral reading fluency is administered by asking a student to do a timed reading of a carefully selected on-level passage.As the student reads,y
24、ou follow along in a copy of the same text and record errors such as omissions,substitutions,misreadings,insertions of words or parts of words,and hesitations of more than three seconds.Self-corrections and repetitions are not considered errors.To calculate the number of words read correctly in one
25、minute,subtract the number of errors from the total number of words read.This process should be repeated periodically throughout the school year to monitor growth.The Fluency Passages The fluency passages serve two purposes.They can be administered three times a year as benchmark tests to determine
26、if students are on track.They can also be used every unit so that you can monitor progress and determine if students are meeting instructional goals.For Grade 1,there are 24 fiction and nonfiction fluency passages that you can use for informal assessment or to formally assess children who can decode
27、 phonologically and can automatically recognize many words by sight.It is recommended that oral reading fluency assessments begin mid-year.For Grades 26,there are 30 fiction and nonfiction passages per grade to help you assess fluency,using at least two selections every two to three weeks for most s
28、tudents.The page numbers on the chart below are a guide to help you decide which fluency passages to use each unit of the school year.Each unit is broken up in the following manner:the first passage(the opening two passages in Grade 1)features an approaching-level readabilty relative to the unit;the
29、 next two selections are on-level;the final two are beyond-level.Students should be assigned the on-level passages initially as a benchmark of oral reading fluency ability.The below-and beyond-level passages can be assigned to students to aid in verifying grouping decisions and assignments.UnitGrade
30、 1Grade 2Grade 3Grade 4Grade 5Grade 61na62711221311821912422513023112na7281132141192201252261312321314258291142151202211262271322331426379210115216121222127228133234153849102111162171222231282291342351650611121211721812322412923013523614 Fluency Assessment IntroductionCopyright The McGraw-Hill Compa
31、nies,Inc.KEYWCPM:Words correct per minuteSD:Average standard deviation of scoresSOURCE Hasbrouck,J.&Tindal,G.(2005)Norms for oral reading fluency.Eugene,OR:BehavioralResearch&Teaching,University of Oregon.SOURCE Florida Department of Education.2011.2011 K-5 Reading,Writing,Listening,Speaking,and Lan
32、guage Education Specifications for the 20122013 Florida State Adoption of Instructional Materials,revised January,2012.Tallahassee,Florida:Florida Department of Education.Oral Reading Fluency Target RatesThe norms above contain the suggested fluency goals in Reading Wonders.However,you may want to u
33、se more flexible target rates over the course of the year.The table below reflects a broader range than the+/10 words identified by Hasbrouck&Tindal.A students scores should fall within a range of ten WCPM above or below the score shown.Curriculum-Based Oral Reading Fluency NormsUse these norms to i
34、nterpret your students oral reading fluency abilities and to tailor instruction to their individual needs.Results are based on a one-minute timed sampling of students reading at least two passages aloud.FallWinterSpringGradePercentileWCPMWCPMWCPM190NA8111175NA478250NA235325NA122810NA615SDNA323929010
35、61251427579100117505172892525426110111831SD37414239012814616275991201375071921072544627810213648SD4043444901451661807511913915250941121232568879810456172SD404143590166182194751391561685011012713925859910910617483SD4544456901771952047515316717750127140150259811112210688293SD424544GradeFall(WCPM)Winte
36、r(WCPM)Spring(WCPM)1NA10303060230605080709035090801208011047011080120100120580120100120110120Fluency Assessment Introduction 5Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.Administering Fluency Assessments and Using the Fluency Record DirectionsGive a student a reading passage he or she has not seen befor
37、e.Fluency assessments are always done as“cold reads”;that is,they are done with material that is new to the person being tested.Explain that you would like the student to read the passage out loud and then answer two questions about it.Then say:When you are ready,you may begin.Start your stopwatch w
38、hen the student reads the first word.1.Follow along on your copy of the passage as the student reads.Place a line through each word that is read incorrectly or omitted.2.Place a check above each word that is read correctly.3.If the student substitutes or mispronounces a word,put a line through the w
39、ord and write the word the student said above it.4.If the student does not correctly say the word within 3 seconds,say the word for the student and circle the word to mark it as incorrect.Self-corrections and repetitions are not marked as errors.5.At the end of one minute,stop your stopwatch and pla
40、ce a bracket()after the last word read by the student.6.Have the student fi nish reading the passage.7.Read the comprehension questions to the student.Have the student answer the comprehension questions orally.How to Score1.Look at the number to the left of the same line in which you placed the brac
41、ket.(Note:In hyphenated words,count each individual word.)Subtract from this number all the words that follow the bracket to arrive at the number of words a student was able to read in one minute.Place this number in the“Words Read”section of the scoring table right below the questions on the record
42、ing sheet.2.Count each word you circled or put a line through.This is the number of errors made.Place this number in the“Errors”section of the scoring table right below the questions on the recording sheet.3.Subtract“Errors”from“Words Read”to arrive at your Oral Reading Fluency Rate or Words Correct
43、 Per Minute(WCPM)score.4.Check off the box that best matches the administration date and compare this WCPM with the 50th percentile score listed on the recording sheet.6 Fluency Assessment IntroductionCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.5.To arrive at the Oral Reading Accuracy Rate,divide the WC
44、PM by the total number of words read.Use the scoring table on the recording sheet to capture the information.6.Use the Prosody scoring table on the recording sheet to measure a student s ability in the following key areasReading in Phrases,Pace,Syntax,Self-correction,and Intonation.Score students fr
45、om Level 1(L1)to Level 4(L4)based on the descriptions in the Oral Fluency Scale found below.Oral Fluency ScaleLevel 4The student:reads in large,meaningful phrases;may occasionally repeat words or short phrases,but the overall structure and syntax of the passage is not affected;reads at an appropriat
46、e rate of speed with expressive interpretation.Level 3The student:reads in three-or four-word phrases;reads primarily in phrases that preserve the passage s syntax and structure;attempts to read expressively;generally reads at an appropriate rate of speed.Level 2The student:reads mainly in two-word
47、phrases,with some longer phrases and at times word-by-word;may group words awkwardly and not connect phrases to the larger context of the passage;reads sections of the passage excessively slowly or quickly.Level 1The student:reads word-by-word,with some longer phrases;does not phrase meaningfully or
48、 with an appropriate rate of speed;reads the passage excessively slowly.7.Write comments about oral reading performance on the recording sheet,including a student s ability to answer the comprehension questions.Fluency Assessment Introduction 7Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.Letter Naming Fl
49、uency AssessmentInstructions for Administering Letter Naming Fluency1.Make a copy of the Letter Naming Fluency record sheet.Use this sheet to record the student s oral responses.2.Say these directions to the student:Here are some letters.Tell me the names of as many letters as you can.When I say,“Be
50、gin”start here(point to the fi rst letter)and go across the page.Point to each letter and tell me the name of that letter.If you come to a letter that you don t know,I ll tell it to you.Put your fi nger on the fi rst letter.Ready,begin.3.Start your stopwatch.Follow along with your copy of the Letter