1、孙天然,张颖洁,韦飞,彭松武,尧中华,王赤.2023.地球磁层软 X 射线信号的辐射特性研究.地球与行星物理论评(中英文),54(5):541-557.doi:10.19975/j.dqyxx.2022-070.SunTR,ZhangYJ,WeiF,PengSW,YaoZH,WangC.2023.AdvancesinsoftX-rayemissionoftheEarthsmagnetosphere.ReviewsofGeo-physicsandPlanetaryPhysics,54(5):541-557(inChinese).doi:10.19975/j.dqyxx.2022-070.地球磁层
2、软 X 射线信号的辐射特性研究孙天然1*,张颖洁1,2,韦飞3,4,彭松武3,4,尧中华5,王赤1,2*1中国科学院国家空间科学中心空间天气学国家重点实验室,北京1001902中国科学院大学地球与行星科学学院,北京1001903中国科学院国家空间科学中心中国科学院空间环境态势感知技术重点实验室,北京1001904中国科学院国家空间科学中心天基空间环境探测北京市重点实验室,北京1001905中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,北京100029摘要:太阳风-磁层耦合和地球空间的动力学过程是空间天气的基本驱动要素,在系统尺度上认知这些过程对于空间物理和空间天气的研究至关重要.太阳风电荷交换(solarw
3、indchargeexchange,SWCX)机制的提出,为磁层大尺度特性研究提供了一种全新的探测方式,即地球磁层的软 X 射线成像.SWCX 发生在太阳风中的高价态重离子(例如 C6+、N7+、O7+、O8+等)和中性原子或分子(例如地球空间中的中性氢原子,日球层中的中性氢原子和氦原子,彗星和其它行星上的水分子、CO2等)发生碰撞时.太阳风离子得到一个或多个电子后进入激发态,随后在回到基态的过程中释放出一个或多个软 X 射线波段的光子.地球磁层的 SWCX 软 X 射线辐射主要发生在日侧的磁鞘和极尖区,因此利用软 X 射线大范围成像技术可以对磁层进行远距离全景成像,从而在大尺度上认知太阳风-
4、磁层相互作用的基本模式.在此背景下,中欧联合空间科学卫星计划太阳风-磁层相互作用全景成像卫星(SolarwindMagnetosphereIonosphereLinkExplorer,SMILE)得到立项和实施.SMILE 卫星将针对日下点附近区域的磁层顶、弓激波、部分极尖区和地球极光进行成像探测,同时对太阳风等离子体和磁场进行原位测量.SMILE 卫星计划于 20242025 年发射.本文将阐述地球磁层软 X 射线辐射的机制、回顾磁层软 X 射线辐射观测证据及辐射特性方面的研究、总结磁层信号的模拟仿真进展、介绍磁层成像探测计划,并提出未来行星磁层软 X 射线成像探测的概念.关键词:太阳风-磁
5、层耦合;X 射线成像;数值模拟doi:10.19975/j.dqyxx.2022-070中图分类号:P353文献标识码:AAdvances in soft X-ray emission of the Earths magnetosphereSunTianran1*,ZhangYingjie1,2,WeiFei3,4,PengSongwu3,4,YaoZhonghua5,WangChi1,2*1StateKeyLaboratoryofSpaceWeather,NationalSpaceScienceCenter,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100190,Chi
6、na2CollegeofEarthandPlanetarySciences,TheUniversityofChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100190,China3KeyLaboratoryofScienceandTechnologyonSpaceEnvironmentSituationalAwareness,NationalSpaceScienceCenter,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100190,China4BeijingKeyLaboratoryofSpaceEnvironmentExploration,Nation
7、alSpaceScienceCenter,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100190,China5InstituteofGeologyandGeophysics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100029,China收稿日期:20221024;录用日期:20221220基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(42188101,42074202,41731070);中国科学院青年创新促进会优秀会员(Y202045);中国科学院研究基金和国家重点实验室专项研究基金SupportedbytheNationalNaturalScience
8、FoundationofChina(GrantsNos.42188101,42074202,41731070),YouthInnovationPromotionAssociationofCAS(GrantNo.Y202045)andtheResearchFundfromtheChineseAcademyofSciencesandtheSpe-cializedResearchFundforStateKeyLaboratoriesofChina.第一作者/通信作者:孙天然(1986-),女,研究员,主要从事磁层物理研究.E-mail:*通信作者:王赤(1967-),男,研究员,主要从事日球层物理、
9、磁层物理等研究.E-mail:第54卷第5期地球与行星物理论评(中英文)Vol.54No.52023年9月ReviewsofGeophysicsandPlanetaryPhysicsSep.,2023Abstract:Thecouplingbetweensolarwindandthemagnetosphereandthedynamicprocessesingeo-spacearethebasicdrivingfactorsofspaceweather.Understandingtheseprocessesonthesystemlevelisessentialtothestudiesofspac
10、ephysicsandspaceweather.Recentsolarwindchargeexchange(SWCX)X-rayemissiondiscove-riesprovideanovelapproachtodetectthelarge-scalemagnetospherethroughsoftX-rayimaging.SWCXoccurswhenhigh-chargeheavyionssuchasC6+,N7+,O7+,andO8+inthesolarwindinteractwithneutralatomsormo-lecules,suchasneutralhydrogenatomsi
11、nnear-Earthspace,neutralhydrogenandheliumatomsintheheliosphere,andH2OandCO2moleculesoncometsandotherplanets.Solarwindionsbecomeexcitedbyreceivingoneormoreelectrons,andthenreturntothegroundstatebyreleasingoneormorephotonsinthesoftX-rayband.Thecharac-teristicsoftheSWCXemissionsincludetheX-rayspectrums
12、howinglineemissionscorrespondingtodifferentspe-ciesofsolarwindparticlesandneutrons,andfasttimevariationscloselyrelatedtosolarwindvariations.TheSWCXsoftX-rayemissionoftheEarthsmagnetospheremainlyoccursinthemagnetosheathonthedaysideandthecuspregions.Therefore,themagnetospherecanberemotelyimagedusingla
13、rge-scalesoftX-rayimagingtechnology,al-lowingthefundamentalmodesoftheinteractionbetweenthesolarwindandmagnetospheretoberecognizedonasystematicscale.Inthiscontext,theEuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA)andChineseAcademyofSciences(CAS)jointlypro-posedtheSolarwindMagnetosphereIonosphereLinkExplorer(SMILE).SMILEwas
14、approvedin2016andimple-mentedthereafter.SMILEaimstoprovideremotesensingmeasurementsofthemagnetopauseandbowshockaroundthesubsolarregion,partofthecuspregions,andtheaurora,aswellassimultaneousinsituobservationsofthesolarwindplasmaandmagneticfield.SMILEisplannedtobelaunchedin20242025.Othermissionshaveal
15、sobeenproposedtoimagetheEarthsmagnetosphere,suchastheGEOspaceX-rayimager(GEO-X)inJapan,LunarEnvironmentheliosphericsX-rayImager(LEXI)intheUnitedStates,andLunar-basedsoftX-rayimager(LSXI)inChina.WiththeadventofsoftX-rayimagingmissionstodetectthemagnetopause,evaluatingtheexpectedsoftX-rayimagesanddeve
16、lopingappropriatetechniquestoextract3-dimentionalboundaryinformationfromthe2-di-mentionalimagesisessential.Globalmagnetohydrodynamic(MHD)andinstrumentsimulationsareusedtogene-rateexpectedX-rayimagesunderdifferentsolarwindconditionswithdifferentviewinggeometries.Basedontheseimages,severalapproacheshavebeendevelopedtoanalyzethesignals,composingthearsenalortoolkitformag-netopausereconstruction.Eachapproachhasitsownadvantagesanddisadvantages,applicabletodifferentsitu-ations.Thispaperintroducesthemec