1、互联网企业市场支配地位的认定及法律规制摘要我国十三五计划中明确提出拓展网络经济空间，支持基于互联网的各类创新，互联网行业已成为了增强经济发展的新动力。互联网交易作为新兴的经济模式，不仅为世界经济发展提供了强有力的动力支持，同时作为新的消费模式为消费者提供便捷、低廉的商品服务及简单快速多元的搜索、社交服务，正逐渐成为主流市场模式。同时，同时，互联网行业的快速发展也带来了互联网企业滥用市场支配地位等违反公平竞争机制的违法行为，并逐渐凸显出互联网企业滥用行为这一反垄断法规制难题。“3Q案”、“百度案”、“谷歌案”、“亚马逊案”等诸多中外关涉互联网企业滥用行为的著名案例引发了社会舆论的普遍热议，并在众
2、多学者的反思中渐次展现为一个清晰的理论问题：现有反垄断法的基础理论和立法实践无法为解决互联网企业滥用市场支配地位问题提供充分的基础和依据。因此，深入探讨互联网企业滥用市场支配地位的反垄断法规制的相关制度，构建具体有针对性的法律制度体系，进而就健全和完善我国互联网企业滥用市场支配地位的反垄断法规制体系提供具有可操作性的建议，不仅有力地推动我国反垄断法的司法实践，也是当前反垄断法理论研究不可回避的重要理论课题。本文借鉴中外互联网行业滥用行为的反垄断法规制现状，进而在概括发现单边市场反垄断思维模式运用到互联网行业中的困境，找出现行反垄断法框架下互联网行业滥用市场支配地位行为规制的不足，并进一步提出解
3、决路径和未来完善的建议。通过比较研究方法、案例分析方法、法经济学分析法等理论研究方法得出：在互联网领域的反垄断执法应采用合理性原则，以消费者福利作为衡量处于市场支配地位企业行为合法性的关键标准，并将执法重心聚焦于构建开放、有序的平等竞争市场，以建立开放的竞争环境和竞争政策、并完善相关知识产权保护政策，鼓励创新，转变分析模式，制定出符合互联网行业竞争需求的反垄断规制手段的结论。关键词：互联网、双边市场、交叉网络外部性、相关市场、滥用市场支配地位ABSTRACTIn the 13th Five-Year Plan of China, it is clearly proposed to expand
4、 the network economy space and support various types of innovations based on the Internet. The Internet industry has become a new driving force for enhancing economic development. As an emerging economic model, Internet trading not only provides powerful support for the development of the world econ
5、omy, but also provides consumers with convenient, inexpensive commodity services and simple, fast and diverse search and social services as a new consumption model and the mainstream market model. At the same time, the rapid development of the Internet industry has also brought about violations of t
6、he unfair competition mechanism, such as the abuse of market dominance by Internet companies, and has gradually highlighted the abuse of Internet companies as an anti-monopoly regulation. Many famous Chinese and foreign cases involving abuse of Internet companies have caused widespread public debate
7、 and have gradually emerged as a clear theoretical issue in the reflection of many scholars: The basic theory and legislative practice of the existing anti-monopoly law cannot solve the Internet. The abuse of market dominance by enterprises provides a sufficient basis and basis. Therefore, in-depth
8、study of the Internet companies abuse of market dominance in the anti-monopoly law system, the construction of specific and targeted legal system, and then provide for the improvement of Chinas Internet companies to abuse the dominant market position in the anti-monopoly regulations system. The oper
9、ational suggestions not only forcefully promote the judicial practice of Chinas anti-monopoly law, but also are important theoretical topics for the current theoretical study of anti-monopoly law. This article draws lessons from the anti-monopoly regulations of the Chinese and foreign Internet indus
10、try abuses, and then summarizes the difficulties in applying the unilateral market anti-monopoly thinking model to the Internet industry, and finds that the Internet industry abuses market dominance under the framework of the anti-monopoly law. Insufficient, and further proposed solutions to the pat
11、h and future improvements. Through comparative research methods, case analysis methods, law and economic analysis methods and other theoretical research methods, it is concluded that anti-monopoly law enforcement in the Internet field should adopt the principle of rationality, and consumer welfare i
12、s the key to measuring the legality of corporate behaviors that are in a dominant market position. Standards, and focus on law enforcement to build an open and orderly and equal market, in order to establish an open competitive environment and competition policy, and improve the relevant intellectua
13、l property protection policies, encourage innovation, change the analytical model, and formulate a competitive demand in line with the Internet industry The conclusion of the anti-monopoly regulation means.KEYWORDS：Internet；Bilateral Market；Network Externality；Relevant Market；Abuse of Market Power;
14、1 引言一、选题的背景和意义 2016年3月，李克强总理在政府工作报告中推动“互联网+”战略计划，着力加大互联网行业全面发展，我国已将互联网上升到国家战略，在中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年计划的建议中明确提出拓展网络经济空间，支持基于互联网的各类创新，互联网行业已成为了增强经济发展的新动力。而高速发展的互联网行业，也展现出非常明显的垄断倾向。国际上，苹果因为与书商之间实施价格操纵行为，被美国竞争执法机构罚款4.5亿美元；谷歌遭遇来自美国和欧盟、俄罗斯等国的反垄断调查。而我国执法层面上尚未开展过对互联网行业的竞争调查，但是媒体及民事诉讼领域引发的相关纠纷已频频出现。从央视对百度滥
15、用竞价排名的报道及唐山人人诉百度垄断到2010年3Q大战、2012年4月360诉腾讯垄断、2012年8月百度屏蔽360搜索、2013年2月百度诉360不正当竞争索赔1亿元，可见互联网行业已成为当代研究反垄断法实施策略不可规避的问题。互联网行业的反垄断法规制同时也是我国反垄断立法和执法者亟待解决的问题。本文旨在结合互联网行业的特征，对现有反垄断制度和规则进行分析和检讨，找出现行反垄断法框架下互联网行业滥用市场支配地位行为规制的不足，并进一步提出解决路径和未来完善的建议。 二、现有文献综述 （一）有关互联网行业特点的论述 1.双边市场效应 双边市场一直没有非常完美的定义，Rochet, J. &
16、Tirole, J.在Two-sided Markets: A Progress Report中对双边市场界定是目前得到普遍认可和借鉴的：“当双边平台企业向双边用制定的价格总水平保持不变时，在价格分配或价格结构上的任何改变都将影响到双方的需求和参与程度，并将进一步影响到交易总量。” David S Evans 在The Antitrust Economics of Multi-sided Platform Market中概括双边市场主要表现在满足三个条件：一是，有两个或者两个以上相互区分的消费者群体，或称之为用户方。二是，存在因为两方用户相联系和一定方式合作而产生的外部性。三是，将一方用户为另一方用户创造的外部性内部化所必需的媒介。2. 网络外部性 David S Evans 在A Guide to the Antitrust Economics of Networks中认为，网络外部性同时能够引起正反馈（positive feed