1、Designation:E 1624 94(Reapproved 2002)Standard Guide forChemical Fate in Site-Specific Sediment/Water Microcosms1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1624;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of l
2、ast revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This guide provides procedures and criteria for thedevelopment and use of sediment/water microcosms for labo-ratory evaluat
3、ions of the fate of chemical substances in theenvironment.It does not specify specific microcosms but itestablishes minimum criteria for distinguishing acceptablemicrocosms from those that may be incomplete or inappropri-ate for site-specific extrapolation(see 5.1 and 10.1).1.2 This standard does no
4、t purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E
5、729 Practice for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests withFishes,Macroinvertebrates,and Amphibians2E 1279 Test Method for Biodegradation By a Shake-FlaskDie-Away Method22.2U.S.EPA Standard:Toxic Substances Control Act Test Guidelines;ProposedRule,Site-Specific Aquatic Microcosm Test33.Terminology3.1 Desc
6、ription of Term Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 microcosman intact,minimally disturbed portion ofan ecosystem brought into a laboratory for study undercontrolled experimental conditions.4.Summary of Guide4.1 This guide provides guidance on the development,use,and evaluation of microcosm studies used
7、 to evaluate the fateof chemical substances in specific aquatic ecosystems.Itestablishes minimum criteria for distinguishing acceptablesite-specific fate microcosms.5.Significance and Use5.1 The fate of chemicals released to the environment maybe evaluated in the field or in laboratory studies.This
8、guideprovides direction on the development,use,and evaluation ofmicrocosm studies that simulate a specific aquatic ecosystemand include sediment and relevant biota.A key objective in theuse of site-specific microcosms is the ability to extrapolateinformation obtained in the laboratory system to fiel
9、d situationswith a reasonable degree of confidence.5.2 Field studies can obtain important information about thefate of chemicals in a particular ecosystem but have manydisadvantages.In field studies,environmental variables,ingeneral,cannot be controlled and the study may be subject towide fluctuatio
10、ns in variables such as temperature,rainfall orsunlight.Introduction of a chemical into an ecosystem mayproduce an unacceptable environmental risk.Furthermore,field studies often are prohibitively expensive.5.3 Some environmental fate studies use structural or syn-thetic communities(not site-specifi
11、c microcosms)created byplacing water,soil or sediment,plants,animals and microbiotain a container according to an established protocol.Somesynthetic communities have been specifically designed toexamine the fate of chemical substances in aquatic environ-ments(that is,Metcalf et al.(1)4and Isensee an
12、d Tayaputch(2).These synthetic communities provide reproducible envi-ronments in which to evaluate and rank chemicals according totheir fate but extrapolation to specific ecosystems is difficult.This is because they lack complex population structures andprocesses analogous to specific natural ecosys
13、tems.In addition,they frequently contain a biomass of organisms that is notscaled to the volume of water or sediment,thereby givingexaggerated rates of chemical metabolism.5.4 A microcosm replicates many of the processes affectingthe fate of a chemical in a complex ecosystem.A microcosmcan be examin
14、ed under controlled laboratory conditions in theabsence of certain variables that might interfere with anunderstanding of a particular process.Microcosms provide anopportunity to manipulate variables and to study their effectsand interactions.Microcosms also offer replication possibilities1This guid
15、e is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 on BiologicalEffects and Environmental Fate and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE47.04 on Environmental Fate of Chemical Substances.Current edition approved July 15,1994.Published September 1994.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 11.05.3F
16、ederal Register,Vol 52,No.187,1987,pp.3635236360.4The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at theend of the text.1Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.for assessing environmental variability,an advantage that is notavailable from field studies.5.5 Microcosms can be used to examine the significance ofvarious fate processes.By examining test compounds inmicrocosms it is possible to determine the
