1、Designation:E 1696 95b(Reapproved 2001)1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version.Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately,ASTM r
2、ecommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate.In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.Designation:E 16
3、96 02Standard Test Method forField Measurement of Raised Retroreflective PavementMarkers Using a Portable Retroreflectometer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1696;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,t
4、he year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the retroreflective properties of raised retroreflective pavement ma
5、rkers at aprescribed geometry,by means of a portable retroreflectometer that can be used in the field.The measurements can be comparedto minimum requirements to determine the need for replacement.1.2 The observation angle specified for retroreflectometers in this test method is that currently specif
6、ied for raised pavementmarkers in the United States and may differ from the angles used elsewhere.For other jurisdictions,replace the observations anglespecified herein with the observation angle specified by the pertinent agency.1.3 This test method is intended to be used for field measurement of r
7、aised retroreflective pavement markers but may also beused to measure the performance of new markers before they are placed in the field.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 The standard does not purport to
8、address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E 284 Terminology
9、of Appearance2E 809 Practice for Measuring Photometric Characteristics of Retroreflectors23.Terminology3.1 The terms and definitions in Terminology E 284 are applicable to this test method.3.2 DefinitionsThe delimiting phrase“in retroreflection”applies to each of the following definitions when used
10、outside thecontext of this or other retroreflection standards:3.2.1 coeffcient of luminous intensity,RI,nof a retroreflector,ratio of the luminous intensity(I)of the retroreflector in thedirection of observation to the illuminance(E|nt)at the retroreflector on a plane perpendicular to the direction
11、of incident light,expressed in candelas per lux(cdlx1).3.2.1.1 DiscussionWhen values are low,the coefficient of(retroreflected)luminous intensity may be given in millicandelasper lux(mcdlx1).RI=(I/E|nt).3.2.2 entrance angle,nangle between the illumination axis and the retroreflector axis.3.2.3 illum
12、ination axis,nline from the effective center of the source aperture to the retroreflector center.3.2.4 observation angle,a,nthe angle between the illumination axis and the observation axis.3.2.5 portable retroreflectometera hand-held instrument that can be used in the field or in the laboratory for
13、measurement ofretroreflectance.3.2.5.1 DiscussionIn this test method,“portable retroreflectometer”refers to a hand-held instrument that can be placed overa raised retroreflective pavement marker to measure the coefficient of luminous intensity with a prescribed geometry.3.2.6 instrument standard,na
14、working standard used to standardize the portable retroreflectometer.3.2.7 retroreflection,nreflection in which the reflected rays are preferentially returned in directions close to the opposite ofthe direction of the incident rays,this property being maintained over wide variations of the direction
15、 of the incident rays.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.10 on Retroreflection.Current edition approved Oct.June 10,1995.2002.Published December 1995.August 2002.Originally published as E 1696 9
16、5.Last previous editionE 1696 95ab(2001).2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 06.01.E 1696 95b(2001)23.2.8 retroreflective element,none optical unit which by refraction or reflection or both produces the phenomenon ofretroreflection.4.Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method involves the use of commercial portable retroreflectometers for determining the coefficient of luminousintensity of pavement markers.4.2 Entrance angle component b1shall be between 0 2 and 2,0;entrance angle component b2shal
