1、Designation:E176711Standard Practice forSpecifying the Geometries of Observation and Measurementto Characterize the Appearance of Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1767;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case
2、 of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe appearance of objects depends on how they are illuminated and viewed.When measurementsare mad
3、e to characterize appearance attributes such as color or gloss,the measured values depend onthe geometry of the illumination and the instrumentation receiving light from the specimen.Thispractice for specifying the geometry in such applications is largely based on an international standardISO 5/1,de
4、aling with the precise measurement of optical density in photographic science,based onan earlier American National Standard.2,31.Scope1.1 This practice describes the geometry of illuminating andviewing specimens and the corresponding geometry of opticalmeasurements to characterize the appearance of
5、materials.Itestablishes terms,symbols,a coordinate system,and functionalnotation to describe the geometric orientation of a specimen,the geometry of the illumination(or optical irradiation)of aspecimen,and the geometry of collection of flux reflected ortransmitted by the specimen,by a measurement st
6、andard,or bythe open sampling aperture.1.2 Optical measurements to characterize the appearance ofretroreflective materials are of such a special nature that theyare treated in otherASTM standards and are excluded from thescope of this practice.1.3 The measurement of transmitted or reflected light fr
7、omareas less than 0.5 mm in diameter may be affected by opticalcoherence,so measurements on such small areas are excludedfrom consideration in this practice,although the basic conceptsdescribed in this practice have been adopted in that field ofmeasurement.1.4 The specification of a method of measur
8、ing the reflect-ing or transmitting properties of specimens,for the purpose ofcharacterizing appearance,is incomplete without a full descrip-tion of the spectral nature of the system,but spectral conditionsare not within the scope of this practice.The use of functionalnotation to specify spectral co
9、nditions is described in ISO 5/1.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4E284 Terminology of Appearance2.2 Other Standard:ISO 5/1 PhotographyDensity MeasurementsPart 1:Terms,Symbols and Notations53.Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The terminology used in this practice is in accordancewith Terminol
10、ogy E284.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 anormal angle,nan angle measured from thenormal,toward the reference plane,to the central axis of adistribution,which may be an angular distribution of flux in anincident beam or distribution of sensitivity of a receiver.3.2.2 aspecul
11、ar angle,nthe angle subtended at the originby the specular axis and the axis of the receiver,the positivedirection being away from the specular axis.3.2.3 aspecular azimuthal angle,nthe angle subtended,atthe specular axis in a plane normal to the specular axis,by theprojection of the axis of the rec
12、eiver and the projection of thex-axis on that plane,measured from the projection of the x-axisin a right-handed sense with respect to the specular axis.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.03 on Geo
13、metry.Current edition approved Nov.1,2011.Published December 2011.Originallyapproved in 1995.Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E1767 04.DOI:10.1520/E1767-11.2ISO1/5 Photograhpy Density Measurements Part 1:Terms,symbols,andnotations.3ANSI PH2.361974American National Standards terms,symbols,an
14、d notationfor optical transmission and reflection measurements.4For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5Av
15、ailable from American National Standards Institute(ANSI),25 W.43rd St.,4th Floor,New York,NY 10036,http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 3.2.4 efflux,nradiant flux reflected by a specimen orreflection standard
16、,in the case of reflection observations ormeasurements,or transmitted by a specimen or open samplingaperture,in the case of transmission observations ormeasurements,in the direction of the receiver.3.2.5 efflux,adjassociated with the radiant flux reflectedby a specimen or reflection standard,in the case of reflectionobservations or measurements,or transmitted by a specimen oropen sampling aperture,in the case of transmission observa-tions or measurements,in the direction of the receiver.3.2.6 ef
