1、Designation:E170515Standard TerminologyRelating to Biotechnology1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1705;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates th
2、e year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope*1.1 This document is composed of terms,definitions ofterms,descriptions of terms,and acronyms used in ASTMdocuments related to the field of biotechnology.Terms that areadequate
3、ly defined in a general dictionary are not defined inthis terminology standard.1.2 This standard includes terminology used in biotechnol-ogy areas,such as,but not limited to:biological drug products,materials for biotechnology,characterization and identificationof biological systems,aseptic sampling
4、,preservation of bio-logical samples,membrane filters,molecular biology,biomassconversion,fuel manufacturing facilities,and fuel analysis.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E870 Test Methods for Analysis of Wood FuelsE1126 Terminology Relating to Biomass Fuels(Withdrawn2003)3E1287 Practice fo
5、rAseptic Sampling of Biological Materials(Withdrawn 2008)3E1344 Guide for Evaluation of Fuel Ethanol ManufacturingFacilitiesE1357 Test Method for Determining the Rate of Bioleachingof Iron From Pyrite by Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans(With-drawn 2010)32.2 Federal Standards:Title 21,Code of Federal Regula
6、tions(CFR),Parts 210 and21143.Terminology3.1 Definitions:aerobicable to live,grow,or take place only where freeoxygen is present.E1126aerobic fermentationfermentation processes that requirethe presence of air.E1126anaerobicliving or active in an airless environment.E1126anaerobic bacteriamicrobes wh
7、ose metabolisms require theabsence of free oxygen.E1126anaerobic digestera chemical reactor in which anaerobicbacteria are used to decompose biomass or organic wastes toproduce methane and carbon dioxide.E1126anaerobic digestiondegradation of organic matter by mi-crobes in the absence of air(oxygen)
8、to produce methaneand carbon dioxide(biogas).E1126anaerobic fermentationfermentation processes conductedin the absence of air.The following anaerobic fermentationprocesses are significant in obtaining useful forms of energyfrom biomass:(1)alcoholic fermentation,fermentation pro-cesses whereby certai
9、n microorganisms convert glucose andother substrates with alcohol as an end product,(2)methanefermentation,generally termed anaerobic digestion(See alsoanaerobic digestion).E1126anhydrousa material that does not contain water eitherabsorbed on its surface or as water of crystallization;awater-free p
10、roduct.E1126aseptic samplingsampling process in which no extraneousmicroorganisms or substances are introduced into the sampleor its original bulk material as a result of the samplingsystem and activity.E1287ashinorganic residue remaining after combustion,deter-mined by definite prescribed methods.E
11、1126ash fusion temperaturemelting point of ash,usually ex-pressed in degrees Fahrenheit.Variations include oxidizingatmosphere or reducing atmosphere,initial softening,orfinal fluid temperature.Some specifications include twointermediate points between initial softening and final fluid.E1126bagasser
12、esidue remaining after extraction of a sugar-containing juice from plants like sugar cane.E11261This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E48 onBioenergy and Industrial Chemicals from Biomass and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E48.91 on Terminology.Current edition app
13、roved June 1,2015.Published June 2015.Originallyapproved in 1995.Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E170513.DOI:10.1520/E1705-15.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume inform
14、ation,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk,DODSSP,Bldg.4,SectionD,700RobbinsAve.,Philadelphia,PA19111-5098,http:/dodssp.daps.dla.mil.*A
15、Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 bioconversiona general term describing the use of biologi-cal systems to transform one compound into another.Ex-amples are diges
16、tion of organic wastes or sewage bymicroorganisms to produce methane.E1126biofuelbiomass-derived fuel.E1126biomass,nsubstance wholly comprised of living or recentlyliving(non-fossil)material.DISCUSSIONSometimes referred to as renewable organic material,examples of biomass include whole,or parts of,plants,trees,aquaticorganisms,animals,algae,and microorganisms.DISCUSSIONWhen considered as an energy source,biomass may befurther subdivided into:(1)primary biomassrapidly growing plantmaterial that m
