1、Designation:E228709Standard Guide forExamination of Fracture Patterns and Paper FiberImpressions on Single-Strike Film Ribbons and Typed Text1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2287;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the ca
2、se of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This guide provides procedures that should be used byforensic document examiners(Guide E444)for
3、examinationsand comparisons involving single-strike film ribbons withtyped text and related procedures.1.2 These procedures are applicable whether the examina-tion and comparison is of questioned and known items or ofexclusively questioned items.1.3 These procedures include evaluation of the suffici
4、encyof the material submitted for examination.1.4 These procedures are also generally applicable to ex-aminations of lift-off and cover-up correction tapes and sheets.1.5 These procedures may also be applicable(in whole or inpart)to examinations of carbon paper and carbon copies or ofdocuments produ
5、ced with certain non-impact printing devices(for example,printing devices using a thermal imaging transferribbon).1.6 The particular methods employed in a given case willdepend upon the nature of the material available for examina-tion.1.7 This guide may not cover all aspects of unusual oruncommon e
6、xaminations.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2.Ref
7、erenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E444 Guide for Scope of Work of Forensic DocumentExaminersE1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic ScienceE2195 Terminology Relating to the Examination of Ques-tioned DocumentsF221 Terminology Relating to Carbon Paper and InkedRibbon Products and Images Made Theref
8、romF909 Terminology Relating to PrintersF1623 Terminology Relating to Thermal Imaging Products3.Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms in this guide,referto Terminology E1732 and Terminology E2195.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cover-up correction,nsee overprint
9、 correction.3.2.2 fracture pattern,nthe spatial arrangement of eachcomplementary edge formation created when a single object isseparated into two or more fragments.3.2.3 impact printer,na printer in which printing is theresult of mechanical impacts.F9093.2.4 impression,nan image formed by pressure.3
10、.2.5 lift-off correction,nthe removal of a typed characterby restriking with the same character while interposing anadhesive coated tape or sheet,thereby causing the imprintedcharacter to adhere to the coating and be stripped from therecord-medium.3.2.6 multi-strike film ribbon,na ribbon wherein the
11、substrate film such as polyester is coated or impregnated withan ink which allows several different imprints to be made frommultiple overstrikes on the same location on the ribbon,andstill result in full characters being printed.F2213.2.7 original typed text,ntyped text imprinted onto thesurface of
12、a record-medium as the result of the impact of atype-face striking directly or through a ribbon.3.2.8 overprint correction,nthe removal of a typed char-acter from the text by restriking with the same character whileinterposing a tape or sheet coated with an opaque coatingmaterial,thereby causing the
13、 imprinted character to be coveredby the coating.3.2.9 paper fiber impression,nthe imprint of a paper fiberin the ribbon substrate.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on ForensicSciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.90 on Executive.Current edition appr
14、oved March 1,2009.Published March 2009.Originallyapproved in 2003.Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E2287 08.DOI:10.1520/E2287-09.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume info
15、rmation,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 3.2.10 record medium,na piece of material,usually paper,on which an image is recorded.3.2.11 single-strike film ribbon
16、,nan inked ribbon whereinthe substrate is a plastic film material such as polyethylene,where each area of the ribbon is capable of producing only oneimage.F2213.2.12 thermal imaging transfer ribbon,nplastic film orother material,upon which a dye or pigmented coating isapplied;imaging results when a thermal printhead transfers thecoating onto a suitable substrate or receptor media.F16234.Significance and Use4.1 The procedures outlined here are grounded in thegenerally accepted body of knowledge a
