1、Designation:E219509Standard Terminology Relating to theExamination of Questioned Documents1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2195;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This terminology standard includes terms that relate tothe examination performed by forensic document examiners.NOTE1The terms in the Terminology S
3、ection refer to typicalcopybook styles of writing and do not account for exceptional forms.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E444 Guide for Scope of Work of Forensic DocumentExaminers3.Terminologyapex,nthe uppermost point of a character.ascender,na stroke that rises above the height of the b
4、ody ofthe letter formation.assisted hand signature,na signature executed by a writerwhile the writers hand,arm,or writing instrument issteadied or stabilized by another.awkward hand,nsee unaccustomed hand.baseline,nthe ruled or imaginary line upon which writing ortypewriting appears to rest.characte
5、r,nany language symbol(for example,letter,nu-meral,punctuation mark,or other sign),other symbol orornament.connecting stroke,na line joining two adjacent characters.cross stroke,na stroke that crosses another portion of thecharacter and is not attached at either end.(For example,thehorizontal stroke
6、 of the“t”)(cf.crossbar).crossbar,na stroke that intersects other portions of thecharacter at both ends.(cf.arm and cross stroke).cursive,na type of writing in which the letters are joined andthe writing instrument is not lifted after most strokes.descender,na stroke that extends below the baseline
7、of thebody of the letter formationdrag stroke,na stroke resulting from incomplete lifting ofthe pen.guided signature,na signature executed by a writer while awriters hand arm,or writing instrument is influenced orcontrolled by another.hand printing,na style of writing in which the letters are notjoi
8、ned and the writing instrument is lifted after most strokes.hesitation,na pause in the writing without the instrumentbeing lifted.individualizing characteristic,nmarks or properties thatserve to individualize writing.indentations,nlatent or visible impressions in paper or othermedia.line quality,nth
9、e sum total of the attributes of the writingmovement(for example,speed,pressure,and skill).loop,na formation that curves and crosses itself.manuscript,nsee handprinting.model signature,na signature that is used as a prototype fora simulation or copy,by manual electronic or other means.patching,nreto
10、uching a portion of a written stroke.pen lift,nan interruption in a stroke caused by removing thewriting document from the writing surface.pen position,nthe relationship between the writing instru-ment and the writing surface.pen pressure,nthe force with which the writing instrumentcontacts the pape
11、r.retrace,na stroke written back over the preceding stroke inthe reverse direction.unaccustomed hand,nthe opposite hand(or other bodypart)from that normally used for writing.1This terminology standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30on Forensic Sciences and is the direct responsibilit
12、y of Subcommittee E30.90 onExecutive.Current edition approved Nov.1,2009.Published January 2010.Originallyapproved in 2002.Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E2195 021.DOI:10.1520/E2195-09.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at se
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