1、Designation:E168810Standard Guide forDetermination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1688;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of r
2、evision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope*1.1 This guide covers procedures for measuring the bioac-cumulation of sediment-associated contaminants by
3、 infaunalinvertebrates.Marine,estuarine,and freshwater sediments area major sink for chemicals that sorb preferentially to particles,such as organic compounds with high octanol-water-partitioning coefficients(Kow)(for example,polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs)and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT)and
4、many metals.The accumulation of chemicals into whole orbedded sediments(that is,consolidated rather than suspendedsediments)reduces their direct bioavailability to pelagic organ-isms but increases the exposure of benthic organisms.Feedingof pelagic organisms on benthic prey can reintroduce sediment-
5、associated contaminants into pelagic food webs.The bioaccu-mulation of sediment-associated contaminants by sediment-dwelling organisms can therefore result in ecological impactson benthic and pelagic communities and human health from theconsumption of contaminated shellfish or pelagic fish.1.2 Metho
6、ds of measuring bioaccumulation by infaunalorganisms from marine,estuarine,and freshwater sedimentscontaining organic or metal contaminates will be discussed.The procedures are designed to generate quantitative estimatesof steady-state tissue residues because data from bioaccumu-lation tests are oft
7、en used in ecological or human health riskassessments.Eighty percent of steady-state is used as thegeneral criterion.Because the results from a single or fewspecies are often extrapolated to other species,the proceduresare designed to maximize exposure to sediment-associatedcontaminants so that resi
8、dues in untested species are notunderestimated systematically.A 28-day exposure withsediment-ingesting invertebrates and no supplemental food isrecommended as the standard single sampling procedure.Procedures for long-term and kinetic tests are provided for usewhen 80%of steady-state will not be obt
9、ained within 28 daysor when more precise estimates of steady-state tissue residuesare required.The procedures are adaptable to shorter exposuresand different feeding types.Exposures shorter than 28 daysmay be used to identify which compounds are bioavailable(that is,bioaccumulation potential)or for
10、testing species thatdo not live for 28 days in the sediment(for example,certainChironomus).Non-sediment-ingestors or species requiringsupplementary food may be used if the goal is to determineuptake in these particular species because of their importancein ecological or human health risk assessments
11、.However,theresults from such species should not be extrapolated to otherspecies.1.3 Standard test methods are still under development,andmuch of this guide is based on techniques used in successfulstudies and expert opinion rather than experimental compari-sons of different techniques.Also,relative
12、ly few marine/estuarine(for example,Nereis and Macoma),freshwater(forexample,Diporeia and Lumbriculus variegatus)species,andprimarily neutral organic compounds provide a substantialportion of the basis for the guide.Nonetheless,sufficientprogress has been made in conducting experiments and under-sta
13、nding the factors regulating sediment bioavailability toestablish general guidelines for sediment bioaccumulationtests.1.4 This guide is arranged as follows:Scope1Referenced Documents2Terminology3Summary of Guide4Significance and Use5Interferences6Apparatus7Safety Precautions8Overlying Water9Sedimen
14、t10Test Organisms11Experimental Design12Procedure13Analytical Methodology14Data Analysis and Interpretation15KeywordsAnnexesAdditional Methods for Predicting BioaccumulationAnnex A1Determining the Number of ReplicatesAnnex A2Adequacy of 10-Day and 28-Day ExposuresAnnex A3Alternative Test DesignsAnne
15、x A4Calculation of Time to Steady-StateAnnex A5Special Purpose Exposure ChambersAnnex A61This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment,Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Envir
16、onmental Fate.Current edition approved April 1,2010.Published July 2010.Originallypublished in 1995.Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E1688 00a.DOI:10.1520/E1688-10.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 Additional Techniques to Correct for Gut SedimentAnnex A7Bioaccumulation Testing with Lumbriculus variegatusAnnex A8References1.5 Field-collected sedime
