1、This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade(
2、TBT)Committee.Designation:E186-20NTERNATIONALStandard Reference Radiographs forHeavy-Walled(2 to 412 in.(50.8 to 114 mm)Steel Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E186;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of re
3、vision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S.Department of Defense.1.Scopeproduction radiographs
4、 produced with radiation energy levels1.1 These reference radiographs2 illustrate variouswithin the thickness range covered by this standard.Eachcategories,types,and severity levels of discontinuities occur-volume consists of three categories of graded discontinuities inring in steel castings that h
5、ave section thicknesses of 2 to lessincreasing severity levels,and three categories of ungradedthan 412 in.(50.8 to 114 mm).The reference radiograph filmsdiscontinuities.Reference radiographs containing ungradedare an adjunct to this document and must be purchaseddiscontinuities are provided as a gu
6、ide for recognition of aseparately from ASTM International,if needed(see 2.2).specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are notCategories and severity levels for each discontinuity typeneeded.Following is a list of discontinuity categories,types,represented by these reference radiogr
7、aphs are described in 1.2.and severity levels for the adjunct reference radiographs of thisNote that the basis of application for these reference radio-standard:graphs requires a prior purchaser/supplier agreement of radio-1.2.4.1 Category A-Gas porosity:severity levels 1 throughgraphic examination
8、attributes and classification criterion as5.described in Sections 4.6,and 7 of this standard.Reference1.2.4.2 Category B-Sand and slag inclusions;severityradiographs for other steel casting thicknesses may be found inlevels 1 through 5.Reference Radiograph standards E446 and E280.Reference1.2.4.3 Ca
9、tegory C-Shrinkage;three types:Radiograph standards E446 and E280 provide some overlap of(1)Ca-linear shrinkage-severity levels 1 through 5.severity levels for similar discontinuity categories within the(Called Type 1 in previous revisions.)same energy level range(see 4.2,5.1,and 6.3)(2)Cb-feathery
10、shrinkage-Severity levels 1 through 5.1.2 These reference radiographs consist of three separate(Called Type 2 in previous revisions.)volumes as follows:(3)Cc-sponge shrinkage-Severity levels 1 through 5.1.2.1 Volume I:1-MV X-rays and Iridium-192(called I to(Called Type 3 in previous revisions.)2-Mev
11、 X-raysin previous editions)-Set of 28 plates(nominal1.2.4.4 Category D-Crack;one illustration(D3 in pre-5 by 8 in.(127 by 203 mm)in a 15 by 17 in.(381 by 432 mm)1972 documents).ring binder).1.2.4.5 Category E-Hot tear;one illustration in pre-19721.2.2 Volume II:2 to 4-MV X-rays and Cobalt-60(called
12、documents.gamma raysin previous editions).This includes cobalt-60 or1.2.4.6 Category F-Insert;one illustration(EB3 in pre-equivalent isotope radiation and from 2-MV up to 4-MV1972 documents).X-rays-Set of 28 plates(nominal 5 by 8 in.)in a 15 by 17 in.ring binder.1.3 From time to time,there may be mi
13、nor changes to the1.2.3 Volume III:4-MV to 30-MV X-rays(called 10 toprocess for manufacturing of the reference radiograph adjunct24 Mev X-raysin previous editions)-Set of 28 plates(nomi-materials.These changes could include changes in the films ornal 5 by 8 in.)in a 15 by 17 in.ring binder.processin
14、g chemicals used,changes in the dies or printing for1.2.4 Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplierthe cardboard mats,etc.;however,in all cases,these changesagreement(see 1.1),each volume is for comparison only withare reviewed by the Illustration Monitoring Subcommittee andall reference ra
15、diographs are reviewed against a fixed prototypeimage to ensure that there are no changes to the acceptanceI These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committeelevel represented by the reference radiographs.Therefore,theE07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibi
16、lity of Subcommitteesadjunct reference radiographs remain valid for use with thisE07.02 on Reference Radiological Images and E07.93 on Illustration Monitoring.Current edition approved June 1.2020.Published June 2020.Originallystandard regardless of the date of production or the revisionapproved in 1
17、962.Last previous edition approved in 2019 as E186-15(2019.level of the text standard.D0:10.1520WE0186-20.2 For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications,see related Reference1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedRadiographs SE186 in Section V of that Code.as standard.T
18、he values given in parentheses are mathematicalCopyrightASTM Intemational,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700.West Conshohocken.PA 19428-2959.United StatesCopyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved):Tue Mar 30 22:13:51 EDT2021Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Toronto(University of Toronto)pursuant to
19、 License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.E186-20conversions to SI units that are provided for information only2.5 ANSI/ISO Standard:10and are not considered standard.ISO 9712 NDT-Qualification and Certification of NDT1.5 These film reference radiographs are not intended toPersonnelillu
20、strate the types and degrees of discontinuities in steel3.Terminologycastings when performing digital X-ray imaging.When per-forming digital X-ray imaging of these castings,refer to Digital3.1 Definitions-For definitions of terms relating to radio-Reference Images E3030.graphic examination,see Termi
21、nology E1316.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the3.2.1 classification specification,n-a set of user definedresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-acc
22、eptance criterion that prescribes the radiographic workman-priate safety,health,and environmental practices and deter-ship discontinuity class requirements for a specified usermine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.casting service application(see Sections 6 and 7).1.7 This int
23、ernational standard was developed in accor-3.2.2 discontinuity category,n-a nomenclature systemdance with internationally recognized principles on standard-used for grouping discontinuity types.ization established in the Decision on Principles for the3.2.2.1 Discussion-For example:linear shrinkage i
24、s as-Development of International Standards,Guides and Recom-signed category Ca,where Crepresents the general shrink-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technicalage category and a represents the specific linear shrinkageBarriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.discontinuity type.2.Referenced D
25、ocuments3.2.3 discontinuity class,n-an assigned workmanship fab-rication quality rating characterized by a discontinuity type,2.1 ASTM Standards:category,and severity level.E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial3.2.3.1 Discussion-For example:Ca 2 is a discontinuityRadiographic Filmc
26、lass comprised of linear shrinkage with a severity level of 2.E242 Reference Radiographs for Appearances of Radio-3.2.4 discontinuity severity level,n-a relative rank in termsgraphic Images as Certain Parameters are Changedof quantity,size and distribution of a collection of disconti-E280 Reference
27、Radiographs for Heavy-Walled(4 to 12nuities where 1 is the least and 5 is the greatest quantity,in.(114 to 305 mm)Steel CastingsE446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.size and distribution present on the reference radiograph.3.2.4.1 Discussion-Example:a severity level of 1 is(50.8
28、mm)in ThicknessE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinationsmore restrictive(requires a higher level of workmanshipE3030 Digital Reference Images for Heavy-Walled(2 to 4%fabrication quality)than a severity level of 2.in.(50.8 to 114 mm)Steel Castings3.2.5 discontinuity type,n-a specific disconti
29、nuity charac-2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:terized by its cause and appearance.Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled(2 to 42-in.(50.83.2.5.1 Discussion-For example:linear shrinkage is a spe-to 114-mm)Steel Castings:cific discontinuity type.Volume I,1-MV X-rays and Iridium-19253.2.6 graded illustration,n-a cate
30、gory of discontinuity thatVolume II,2 to 4-MV X-rays and Cobalt-606is assigned a severity level.Volume III,4-MV to 30-MV X-rays3.2.7 production radiograph,n-a radiograph under review2.3 AIA Document:8for compliance with this standard.NAS 410 Certification&Qualification of Nondestructive3.2.8 prorati
31、ng,n-assignment of quantity,size,and distri-Test Personnelbution on a production radiograph in proportion to a similar2.4 ASNT Documents:size area of a reference radiograph.SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-3.2.8.1 Discussion-For example:a production radiographcation and Certifica
32、tion in Nondestructive Testingcovers an area that is smaller than the unit area of a referenceANSI/ASNT-CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification andradiograph and the extent of discontinuity on the applicableCertification of Nondestructive Testing Personnelreference radiograph is reduced proportionate
33、ly.3.2.9 ungraded illustration,n-a category of discontinuitywithout an assigned severity level.3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM4.Significance and UseStandards volume information,refer to the
34、standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4.1 Graded reference radiographs are intended to provide a4Available from ASTM Headquarters.Order RRE018601.guide enabling recognition of specific casting discontinuity6Order RRE018602.types and relative severity levels that may be encountered7Order
35、 RRE018603.8 Available from Aerospace Industries Association(AIA),1000 Wilson Blvd.,Suite 1700,Arlington,VA 22209,http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.1 Available from International Organization for Standardization(ISO),ISO Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing(ASNT),P.O.BoxCentral Secre
36、tariat,BIBC II,Chemin de Blandonnet 8,CP 401,1214 Vernier,28518,1711 Arlingate Ln.,Columbus,OH 43228-0518,http:/www.asnt.org.Geneva,Switzerland,http:/www.iso.org.Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Tue Mar 30 22:13:51 EDT 20212Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Toronto(University of Toronto)
37、pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.E186-20during typical fabrication processes.Reference radiographs5.2 Film Deterioration-Radiographic films are subject tocontaining ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide forwear and tear from handling and use.The extent to
38、which therecognition of a specific casting discontinuity type whereimage deteriorates over time is a function of storageseverity levels may not be needed.These reference radiographsconditions,care in handling,and amount of use.Referenceare intended as a basis from which manufacturers and purchas-rad
39、iograph films are no exception and may exhibit a loss iners may,by mutual agreement,select particular discontinuityimage quality over time.The radiographs should therefore beclasses to serve as standards representing minimum levels ofperiodically examined for signs of wear and tear,includingacceptab
40、ility(see Sections 6 and 7).scratches,abrasions,stains,and so forth.Any reference radio-4.2 Reference radiographs represented by this standard maygraphs which show signs of excessive wear and tear whichbe used,as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement,forcould influence the interpretation and
41、 use of the radiographsenergy levels,thicknesses,or both,outside the range of thisshould be replaced.standard when determined applicable for the casting service6.Determination of Radiographic Classificationapplication.Severity levels of similar discontinuity categoriesand energy level range of E446
42、or E280 reference radiographs6.1 For purposes of evaluation of castings,a determinationmay alternatively be used,as determined appropriate for themust be made of the radiographic discontinuity classificationscasting service application,if so agreed upon in a purchaserto be assigned to individual cas
43、tings or specific areas ofsupplier agreement(see Section 1 and 5.1).castings.The determination of the applicable radiographic4.3 Procedures for evaluation of production radiographsdiscontinuity classification shall be based on an evaluation ofusing applicable reference radiographs of this standard a
44、rethe casting applications,design,and service requirements.Inprescribed in Section 8;however,there may be manufacturing-these evaluations,consideration shall be given to such factorspurchaser issues involving specific casting service applicationsas pressure,temperature,section thickness,applicable d
45、esignwhere it may be appropriate to modify or alter such require-safety factor,vibration,shock,resistance to corrosion,involve-ments.Where such modifications may be appropriate for thement of penetrating radiations or radiation products,andcasting application,all such changes shall be specificallyin
46、volvement of dangerous gases or liquids.called-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual6.2 For each individual casting or specific area of a castingdocument.Section 9 addresses purchaser supplier requisitesto be radiographed,the discontinuity class must be clearlywhere weld repairs to
47、castings may be required.specified.For example:severity level 2 might be specified for4.4 Personnel utilizing reference radiographs to this stan-linear shrinkage,Category Ca,and severity level 3 for gasdard shall be qualified and authorized to perform radiographicporosity,Category A,since the latter
48、 are generally much lessinterpretation in accordance with a nationally or internationallydeleterious to tensile properties(see Section 7).recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard6.3 When determining discontinuity severity levels for in-such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189,SNT-TC-1A,NAS 410,IS
49、Odividual castings spanning thickness ranges outside the range9712,or a similar document and certified by the employer orof this standard,consideration should be given to the potentialcertifying agency,as applicable.The practice or standard usedfor overlapping severity levels as described in 4.2 and
50、 5.1.and its applicable revision shall be identified in the contractual6.4 Production radiographs which are compared to refer-agreement between the using parties.A certified Level III shallence radiographs should have an optical density in the area ofbe available to assist with interpreting specific
51、ations andinterest in accordance with Guide E94 and a specified mini-product requirements as applied to the reference radiographs(ifmum radiographic sensitivity(quality level)of 2%(2-2T).the Level III is the radiographic interpreter,this may be theOther radiographic quality levels or optical densiti
52、es may besame person).designated,but then a corresponding change in severity level5.Method of Preparationfor each discontinuity category should be anticipated and hence5.1 The original radiographs used to prepare the adjunctspecified.reference radiographs were produced on ASTM Class I or II7.Classif
53、ication Specificationsfilm systems by the respective use of radiation energies statedin 1.2.1 to 1.2.3.The original radiographs were made with a7.1 The applicable radiographic discontinuity classificationpenetrameter sensitivity,as determined by ASTM penetram-should be designated by the contracting
54、agency in formaleters(see Guide E94),of 2-2T.The adjunct reference radio-specifications or drawings and in the specific contract or order.graphs are reproductions prepared to an optical density of 2.00The specifications,drawings,contract,or order should alsoto 2.25 and have substantially retained th
55、e contrast of thedesignate the sampling plan for the castings to be radiographedoriginal radiographs.In preparing these reference radiographs,and the extent of radiographic coverage,radiographic practicethe objective was to obtain progressively graduated severityto be followed(see Guide E94),image q
56、uality desired(seelevels for each graded discontinuity category of this standard.Note 1),as well as the severity of acceptable discontinuity forAdditionally,some overlap of severity levels may occur forgraded discontinuity.similar discontinuity categories of Reference Radiograph stan-NoTE 1-For desc
57、ription of sensitivity or image quality levels,seedard E446 or E280 with the same energy level range(see 6.3).Guide E94 and Reference Radiographs E242.Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Tue Mar 30 22:13:51 EDT 20213Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Toronto(University of Toronto)pursuant to
58、 License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.E186-208.Procedure for Evaluation8.9 Reference radiographs in this standard do not illustrate8.1 Compare the production radiographs of the castingelongated or worm hole type of gas discontinuities.Whensubmitted for evaluation with the reference
59、radiographs ex-this condition occurs in a production radiograph,it shall beposed at an equivalent energy range within the thickness rangeevaluated by comparison with the most representative refer-of this standard(unless otherwise specified-see Section 4).ence radiograph.8.9.1 When the exposing radia
60、tion source has been placed8.2 When the severity level of discontinuities in the produc-perpendicular to the length of the gas hole,evaluate thetion radiograph being evaluated is equal to or less than theproduction radiograph with a shrinkage reference radiograph.severity level in the specified refe
61、rence radiograph,that part of8.9.2 When the exposing radiation source has been placedthe casting represented by the production radiograph shall bediametrically or into the diameter of the gas hole,evaluateacceptable.If the production radiograph shows discontinuitiesthe production radiograph with a g
62、as reference radiograph.of greater severity than the reference radiograph,that part ofthe casting shall be rejected.8.10 A diffraction mottling pattern can occur on films ofparts and sections where the grain size is large enough to be an8.3 A unit area on the production radiograph shall beappreciabl
63、e fraction of the material thickness(see Note 2).Ifevaluated to a unit area of like size on the reference radiograph.diffraction mottling is suspected,there are a number of ways toAny evaluation unit area that shares a discontinuity with andemonstrate its presence.The diffraction mottling patternadj
64、acent unit evaluation area shall meet the minimum unit areashown in these cases is dependent principally upon the crystalacceptability requirements within the combined unit area.geometry and the orientation of the crystals to the incidentWhen the unit area of interest of a production radiograph is l
65、essradiation.Therefore,for a given specimen,any change in thisthan the unit area of the applicable reference radiograph,suchorientation will affect the diffraction pattern dramatically.Thisunit area of the production radiograph shall be prorated to thecan be accomplished by a slight,1 to 5 tilt of t
66、he part,withreference radiographic area.respect to the radiation beam or simply by shifting the center8.4 When two or more categories of discontinuity areline of the radiation beam to a slightly different location frompresent in the same production radiograph,the predominatingthe first exposure.Indi
67、cations from any porosity,shrinkage,ordiscontinuities,if unacceptable,shall govern without regard toother discontinuity will move only slightly,while any mottlingthe other categories of discontinuity,and that part of the castingpatterns present will change dramatically.If it is necessary orshall be
68、judged unacceptable.desirable to eliminate the mottling,the kV may be raised to8.5 When two or more categories of discontinuity arereduce the amount of diffraction radiation.However,cautionpresent to an extent equal to the maximum permissible level asshould be used so that the kV is not raised to th
69、e point thatshown in the applicable standards for each category,then thatsensitivity is reduced excessively.If diffraction mottling ispart of the casting shall be judged unacceptable.When two ordemonstrated to be present on a radiograph,this condition shallmore categories of discontinuity are presen
70、t in the samenot be considered as prejudicial in evaluating the radiograph.radiograph to an extent less than the maximum permissibleNoTE 2-Mottling is often associated with thin sections of austeniticlevel,as shown in the applicable standards for each category,steels,and copper base alloys such as c
71、opper nickel,tin bronzes,andthe severity shall be evaluated by the overall aggregatenickel copper.condition.The aggregate condition is defined as the balance of8.11 Hot tears and cracks exhibited on production radio-quantity,size,and distribution of the collection of discontinui-graphs may at times
72、resemble linear type shrinkage.Whenties and shall not exceed the aggregate condition of thedoubt exists whether such indications are cracks or tears,or areapplicable reference radiograph.linear shrinkage,all surfaces in the area of interest shall be8.6 Reference radiographs are provided showing a va
73、rietyground and magnetic particle or liquid penetrant inspected asof shrinkage discontinuity types.Production radiographs show-applicable.The extent and depth of grinding may requireing shrinkage shall be judged by the most representativeengineering judgment.If the indication does not appear on ther
74、eference radiograph.surface,that indication shall be considered shrinkage.8.7 This standard does not specify limiting criteria for a8.12 The radiographic density of discontinuities in compari-single size of discontinuity,maximum number of discontinui-son with background density is a variable depende
75、nt onties per unit area evaluated,specific dimensional spacing,ortechnical factors.It shall not be used as a criterion foralignment criterion between individual discontinuities or anyacceptance or rejection in comparison with reference radio-other undefined discontinuity patterns,or a combinationgra
76、phs.thereof.Unless otherwise specified by a purchaser supplieragreement(see Section 4),these discontinuity conditions on9.Weld Repair of Castingsproduction radiographs shall be evaluated as aggregate condi-9.1 When radiographic quality castings are repaired bytions as defined in 8.5.welding,the refe
77、rence radiographs to be used in the evaluation8.8 In general,there is no limit as to the extent of acceptableof the repaired sections must be specifically agreed upondiscontinuities in a casting,provided that no unit evaluationbetween purchaser and supplier.area throughout the casting contains disco
78、ntinuities that exceed9.2 When casting discontinuities are removed for repairs,the severity of discontinuities in the applicable referenceonly the extent of discontinuity required to meet applicableradiographs.reference standards need be removed.Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Tue Mar 30
79、 22:13:51 EDT 2021Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Toronto(University of Toronto)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.E186-2010.Keywords10.1 discontinuity classification criterion;gamma-ray;ref-erence radiographs;steel castings;X-rayASTM International takes no position
80、 respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard.Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the riskof infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This
81、 standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM Interna
82、tional Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.T
83、his standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.Individual reprints(single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or servi
84、ceastm.org(e-mail);or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center,222Rosewood Drive,Danvers,MA 01923,Tel:(978)646-2600;http:/ by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Tue Mar 30 22:13:51 EDT 20215Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Toronto(University of Toronto)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.
