1、Designation:D769011(Reapproved 2021)Standard Practice forMicroscopic Characterization of Particles from In-ServiceLubricants by Analytical Ferrography1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7690;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This practice covers the identification by optical micros-copy of wear and contaminant
3、particles commonly found inused lubricant and hydraulic oil samples that have beendeposited on ferrograms.This practice relates to the identifi-cation of particles,but not to methods of determining particleconcentration.1.2 This practice interfaces with but generally excludesparticles generated in t
4、he absence of lubrication,such as maybe generated by erosion,impaction,gouging,or polishing.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associ
5、ated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety,health,and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recogni
6、zed principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4057 Practice for Manual S
7、ampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products,LiquidFuels,and LubricantsD7684 Guide for Microscopic Characterization of Particlesfrom In-Service LubricantsG40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion3.Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 abrasion,nwear by dis
8、placement of material causedby hard particles or hard protuberances.D41753.1.2 abrasive wear,nwear due to hard particles or hardprotuberances forced against and moving along a solid surface.G403.1.3 adhesive wear,nwear due to localized bondingbetween contacting solid surfaces leading to material tra
9、nsferbetween the two surfaces or loss from either surface.G403.1.4 break-in,nSee run-in.D4175,G403.1.5 break in,vSee run in.G403.1.6 catastrophic wear,nrapidly occurring or accelerat-ing surface damage,deterioration,or change of shape causedby wear to such a degree that the service life of a part is
10、appreciably shortened or its function is destroyed.G403.1.7 corrosion,nchemical or electrochemical reactionbetween a material,usually a metal surface,and its environ-ment that can produce a deterioration of the material and itsproperties.D41753.1.8 corrosive wear,nwear in which chemical or electro-c
11、hemical reaction with the environment is significant.G403.1.9 debris,nin tribology,particles that have becomedetached in a wear or erosion process.G403.1.10 debris,nin internal combustion engines,solidcontaminant materials unintentionally introduced in to theengine or resulting from wear.D41753.1.11
12、 fatigue wear,nwear of a solid surface caused byfracture arising from material fatigue.G403.1.12 fretting,nin tribology,small amplitude oscillatorymotion,usually tangential,between two solid surfaces incontact.3.1.12.1 DiscussionHere the term fretting refers only tothe nature of the motion without r
13、eference to the wear,corrosion,or other damage that may ensue.The term fretting isoften used to denote fretting corrosion and other forms of1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts,Liquid Fuels,and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mitte
14、e D02.96.06 on Practices and Techniques for Prediction and Determination ofMicroscopic Wear and Wear-related Properties.Current edition approved Oct.1,2021.Published November 2021.Originallyapproved in 2011.Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D7690 11(2017).DOI:10.1520/D7690-11R21.2For referen
15、ced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohock
16、en,PA 19428-2959.United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.1fretting wear.Usage in this sense is discouraged due to theambiguity that may arise.G403.1.13 fretting wear,nwear arising as a result of fretting.(See fret
