1、Designation:D709904(Reapproved 2010)Standard Terminology Relating toFrozen Soil and Rock1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7099;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in
2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This terminology includes all of those terms whichrelate to frozen soils and rocks.1.2 It is based on:a list of definitions drawn up by ASTMSub-Commi
3、ttee D18.19;ASTM standards;a list of definitionsdrawn up by the Canadian Geomorphology Research Group(CGRG);the Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-IceTerms developed by the National Snow and Ice Data Center(NSIDC),at the University of Colorado,at Boulder;the Keysto Soil Taxonomy of the United
4、 States Department of Agricul-ture(USDA);and contributions by a number of individuals.1.3 For all of the terms included,the source is included inparentheses after the definition.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibi
5、lity of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil,Rock,and ContainedFluidsD4083 Practice for Description of Frozen
6、 Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)2.2 Other References:Harris,S.A.,French,H.M.,Heginbottom,J.A.,Johnston,G.H.,Ladanyi,B.,Sego,D.C.,and van Everdingen,R.O.,1988,Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-IceTerms,Technical Memorandum,Associate Committee onGeotechnical Research,Ottawa,CanadaEverdingen,Rob
7、ert van,ed.,1998,revised January,2002,Multi-Language Glossary of Permafrost and Re-lated Ground-Ice Terms,National Snow and Ice DataCenter/World Data Center for Glaciology,Boulder,Colo-radoNational Snow and Ice Data Center,2003,English LanguageGlossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-Ice Terms,Boul
8、der,Colorado,http:/nsdic.org/fgdc/glossary/english.htmlNatural Resources Conservation Service,United States De-partment of Agriculture,Keys to Soil Taxonomy,NinthEdition,2003,331 pp.,http:/soils.usda.gov/technical/classication/tax_keysPermafrost Map of the USSR(1:2,500,000),1996,Depart-ment of Geocr
9、yology,Moscow State University,16 sheets3.Significance and Use3.1 This terminology can be used to find the definitions ofall of those terms which are used in association with frozenmaterials,including rocks,soils,and water.4.Terminology4.1 Definitions:4.1.1 All of the definitions are consistent with
10、 those listed inTerminology D653.active layerthe top layer of ground that is subject to annualfreezing and thawing.(In the zone of discontinuous perma-frost,the active layer is often underlain by unfrozen ground.)active layer failureany of several possible forms of slopefailure in the active layer.N
11、SIDCactive layer thicknessthe thickness of the top layer ofground that is subject to annual freezing and thawing.NSIDCactive rock glaciera mass of rock fragments and finermaterial,on a slope,that contains an ice core or interstitialice,and which shows evidence of recent movement.NSIDCadfreeze shear
12、strengththe shear stress required to separatetwo objects that are bonded together by ice.adfreeze tensile strengththe tensile stress required to sepa-rate two objects that are bonded together by ice.NSIDCadfreezingthe process by which objects are bonded togetherby the ice formed between them.NSIDC1T
13、his terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.19 on Frozen Soilsand Rock.Current edition approved Feb.15,2010.Published March 2010.Originallyapproved in 2004.Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D7099 04.DOI:
14、10.1520/D7099-04R10.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor D
15、rive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 aggradation of permafrostsee permafrost aggradation.aggradational icenewly formed ice lenses,especially in thelower part of the active layer,which become incorporatedinto the permafrost due to a raising of the permafrost table ora lower
16、ing of the permafrost base.air freezing indexsee freezing index.air thawing indexsee thawing index.albedothe fraction of the total solar radiation incident on abody that is reflected by it.alpine permafrostpermafrost developed in temperate cli-mate mountainous areas.altitudinal permafrost limitthe lowest altitude at whichmountain permafrost occurs in a highland area outside of thegeneral permafrost region.NSIDCaltitudinal permafrost zonationthe vertical subdivision ofmountain permafrost into zon
