1、Designation:D6582 00(Reapproved 2005)1Standard Guide forRanked Set Sampling:Efficient Estimation of a MeanConcentration in Environmental Sampling1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6582;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in th
2、e case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorial changes were made in 5.1,5.12.7 and Table 2 in August 2006.1.Scope1.1 This guide describ
3、es ranked set sampling,discusses itsrelative advantages over simple random sampling,and pro-vides examples of potential applications in environmentalsampling.1.2 Ranked set sampling is useful and cost-effective whenthere is an auxiliary variable,which can be inexpensivelymeasured relative to the pri
4、mary variable,and when theauxiliary variable has correlation with the primary variable.The resultant estimation of the mean concentration is unbiased,more precise than simple random sampling,and more repre-sentative of the population under a wide variety of conditions.1.3 This standard does not purp
5、ort to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5792 P
6、ractice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Management Activities:Development ofData Quality ObjectivesD6044 Guide for Representative Sampling for Managementof Waste and Contaminated Media3.Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 auxiliary variable,nthe secondary characteristic ormeasure
7、ment of interest.3.1.1.1 DiscussionIn ranked set sampling,informationcontained in an auxiliary variable is useful for ranking thesamples.This ranking may mimic the rankings of the sampleswith respect to the values of the primary variable when there iscorrelation between the auxiliary variable and th
8、e primaryvariable.Auxiliary information may include visual inspection,inexpensive quick measurement,knowledge of operationalhistory,previous site data,or any other similar information.3.1.2 data quality objectives(DQO)process,na qualitymanagement tool based on the scientific method and developedby t
9、he U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)to facili-tate the planning of environmental data collection activities.(D5792)3.1.3 equal allocation,nthis occurs when the number ofsets in ranked set sampling is an integer multiple of the size ofthe set.3.1.4 primary variable,nthe primary characteristic
10、ormeasurement of interest.3.1.5 ranked set sampling,na sampling method in whichsamples are ranked by the use of auxiliary information on thesamples and only a subset of the samples are selected for themeasurement of the primary variable.3.1.6 representative sample,na sample collected in such amanner
11、 that it reflects one or more characteristics of interest(asdefined by the project objectives)of a population from whichit is collected.(D6044)3.1.6.1 DiscussionArepresentative sample can be a singlesample,a collection of samples,or one or more compositesamples.A single sample can be representative
12、only when thepopulation is highly homogeneous.(D6044)4.Significance and Use4.1 Ranked set sampling is cost-effective,unbiased,moreprecise and more representative of the population than simplerandom sampling under a variety of conditions(1).34.2 Ranked set sampling(RSS)can be used when:4.2.1 The popu
13、lation is likely to have stratification inconcentrations of contaminant.4.2.2 There is an auxiliary variable.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 onPlanning for Sampling.Current edition approved July
14、 1,2005.Published August 2005.Originallyapproved in 2000.Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D6582-00.DOI:10.1520/D6582-00R05E01.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informa
15、tion,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.1Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.NOTICE:This standard has
16、either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.Contact ASTM International(www.astm.org)for the latest information4.2.3 The auxiliary variable has strong correlation with theprimary variable.4.2.4 The auxiliary variable is either quick or inexpensive tomeasure,relative to the primary variable.4.3 This guide provides a ranked set sampling method onlyunder the rule of equal allocation.This guide is intended forthose who manage,design,and implement sampling andanalysis plans for m
