1、Designation:D616110Standard TerminologyUsed for Microfiltration,Ultrafiltration,Nanofiltration andReverse Osmosis Membrane Processes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6161;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of rev
2、ision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This terminology covers the use of microfiltration,ultrafiltration,nanofiltration and reverse osmosis for
3、 membraneseparation processes.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD2035 Practice for Coagulation-Flocculation Jar Test ofWaterD3739 Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of theLangelier Saturation Index for Reverse OsmosisD4582 Practice for Calculation and
4、Adjustment of the Stiffand Davis Stability Index for Reverse Osmosis3.Significance and Use3.1 The need to understand the relationships found inmembrane unit processes for water treatment increases with thecontinuing demand for these separation systems.Defining theterms common to microfiltration,ultr
5、afiltration,nanofiltrationand reverse osmosis processes assist the manufacturer,consul-tant and end-user in eliminating inter-process terminologyconfusion.This standard expands the definitions found inTerminology D1129.4.Terminology4.1 Definitions:absolute filter ratingparticle size above which 100%
6、ofparticles that are trapped on or within the filter medium.absorptionthe release for desorption holding of a substancewithin a solid by cohesive or capillary forces.accumulatora pulsation dampener installed on the suctionand/or discharge lines of pumps,generally plunger type,tominimize pressure sur
7、ges and provide uniformity of flow.accuracythe closeness of agreement between an observedvalue and an accepted reference value.Where an acceptedreference value is not available,accuracy is a description ofa measure of the degree of conformity of a value generatedby a specific procedure to the assume
8、d or accepted truevalue,including both precision and bias.aciditythe quantitative capacity of aqueous media to reactwith hydroxyl ions.activated carbongranulated or powdered activated carbonused to remove tastes,odor,chlorine,chloramines,and someorganics from water.A family of carbonaceous substance
9、smanufactured by processes that develop adsorptive proper-ties.adsorptionthe holding of a substance onto the surface of asolid by chemical surface forces,without forming newchemical bonds.aerobic bacteriabacteria that require oxygen for growth.See bacteria,aerobes.aggregategranular material such as
10、sand,gravel,crushedstone.aggressive waterwater having a high tendency to corrodepipes and other equipment.Usually seen as having anegative Langelier Index value.air headerthe pipe running within a cassette that distributesthe air to the individual modules or aerators.air scourdistributing air over t
11、he entire area at the bottom ofa filter media flowing upward or immersed membrane toimprove the effectiveness of filtration or backwashing or topermit the use of lower backwash water flow rate,or both.air strippingremoval of volatile substances from a watersolution by passing a gas through the solut
12、ion.algaea major group of lower plants,generally aquatic,photosynthetic of extremely varied morphology and physi-ology,mono cellular plants with chlorophyll often maskedby a brown or red pigment.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Waterand is the direct responsibilit
13、y of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and IonExchange Materials.Current edition approved Feb.1,2010.Published March 2010.Originallyapproved in 1997.Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D6161 05.DOI:10.1520/D6161-10.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact AST
14、M Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 alkalinitythe quantitative capacity
15、of aqueous media to reactwith hydrogen ions.“M”alkalinity is that which will reactwith acid as the pH of the sample is reduced to themethylorange endpoint of about 4.5.“P”alkalinity is thatwhich reacts with acid as the pH of the sample is reduced tothe phenolphthalein end point of 8.3.“M”is the tota
16、lalkalinity which is the sum of hydroxide,carbonate,andbicarbonate contents,“P”includes all the hydroxyl and halfthe carbonate content.alumaluminum sulfate,AL2(SO4)3XH2O(X=14-18),acoagulant.ambient temperaturethe temperature of the surroundings,generally assumed to be 20 25C.amorphousnon crystalline,devoid of regular cohesivestructure.anaerobic bacteriabacteria that do not use oxygen.Oxygenis toxic to them.See bacteria,anaerobes.amphotericcapable of acting as an acid or a base.angstrom(A)a unit
