1、Designation:D549493(Reapproved 2018)Standard Test Method for theDetermination of Pyramid Puncture Resistance ofUnprotected and Protected Geomembranes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5494;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,i
2、n the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 The test method is to be used as an index test todetermine the pyramid puncture resistan
3、ce of geomembranesand,or both,geomembranes protected by nonwoven geotex-tiles and other puncture-protective geosynthetics.1.2 The test method measures the increase of the pyramidpuncture resistance due to the use of protective nonwovengeotextiles with geomembranes.1.3 The values stated in SI units a
4、re to be regarded as thestandard value.The values stated in parentheses are providedfor information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety,health
5、,and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of Internation
6、al Standards,Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines forTextilesD4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and RolledErosion Control Pro
7、ducts(RECPs)for TestingD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD4491/D4491M Test Methods for Water Permeability ofGeotextiles by Permittivity3.Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geosynthetics,nair main-tained at a relative humidity between 50 to 70%and atemperature of 21 6 2 C(70 6 4
8、 F).3.1.2 geomembrane,nan essentially impermeable geosyn-thetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets.3.1.2.1 DiscussionIn geotechnical engineering,“essen-tially impermeable”means that no measurable liquid flowsthrough a geosynthetic when tested in accordance with TestMethods D4491/D4491M.3.1.3 g
9、eotextile,na permeable geosynthetic comprisedsolely of textiles.3.1.3.1 DiscussionCurrent manufacturing techniques pro-duce nonwoven fabrics,knitted(non-tubular)fabrics,andwoven fabrics.3.1.4 For other terms,see Terminology D4439.4.Summary of Test Method4.1 A test specimen is clamped without tension
10、 betweencircular plates of a ring clamp attachment secured in acompression press or tensile testing machine.Aforce is exertedagainst the center of the unsupported or supported portion ofthe test specimen by a solid steel pyramid attached to a loadindicator until rupture of the specimen occurs.The ma
11、ximumload and elongation recorded is the value of the punctureresistance of the specimen.5.Significance and Use5.1 The pyramid method of puncture resistance is an indextest for the determination of the puncture resistance of unpro-tected geomembranes or geomembranes protected with non-woven geotexti
12、les and other puncture-protective geosynthetics.5.1.1 The purpose of this test method is to establish an indexvalue of puncture resistance by providing standard criteria anda basis for uniform reporting.5.2 This test method may be used for acceptance testing ofcommercial shipments of geomembranes an
13、d geomembranesprotected with nonwoven geotextiles;however,caution isadvised since information about between-laboratory precisionis incomplete.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of D35.10 on Geomembranes.Current edition a
14、pproved Feb.1,2018.Published February 2018.Originallyapproved in 1993.Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D5494 93(2011).DOI:10.1520/D5494-93R18.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandard
15、s volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on stand
16、ardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.1 6.Apparatus6.1 Test SetupA compression press with a reading forceaccuracy of at least 2 N(0.5 lb)is necessary.The press mustmaintain a constant test speed and should be provided with anautomatic chart recorder for the force-versus-deformation be-havior.A clamping device for the test sample,
