1、Designation:D492489(Reapproved 2012)Standard Classification forPetroleum Waxes for Use in Rubber Compounding1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4924;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last r
2、evision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This classification is intended to establish a classifica-tion system and test methods for petroleum waxes used inrubber compound
3、ing primarily as a static protective agent ormaterial for unsaturated rubbers such as styrene-butadienerubber,polyisoprene rubber,natural rubber,chloroprenerubber,acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber,and polybutadiene rub-ber.These unsaturated rubbers are subject to ozone cracking.Under certain exposure c
4、onditions,waxes retard this cracking.1.2 This classification is applicable to petroleum waxes usedas process aids in rubber compounding.It is not applicable tononpetroleum waxes such as carnuba wax,candelille wax,orceresin wax,nor to synthetic hydrocarbon waxes such aspolyethylene wax.These non-petr
5、oleum waxes display a dif-ferent behavior on gas chromatographic analysis than dopetroleum waxes.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health pra
6、ctices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D87 Test Method for Melting Point of Petroleum Wax(Cooling Curve)D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D7
7、21 Test Method for Oil Content of Petroleum WaxesD938 Test Method for Congealing Point of PetroleumWaxes,Including PetrolatumD1321 Test Method for Needle Penetration of PetroleumWaxesD1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products(ASTM Color Scale)D1747 Test Method for Refractive Index of Vis
8、cous Mate-rialsD1833 Test Method for Odor of Petroleum WaxD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-troleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD3944 Test Method for Solidification Point of PetroleumWaxD4419 Test Method for Measurement of Transition Tem-peratures of Petroleum Waxes by Differ
9、ential ScanningCalorimetry(DSC)2.2 ASTM Committee Proposal:D02 Proposal P167 Test Method for Boiling Range Distri-bution of Crude Petroleum3NOTE1A procedure using similar gas chromatographic methodologybut designed specifically for waxes is currently being developed byASTMCommittee D02.04.C.3.Summar
10、y of Classification3.1 The boiling point range of the petroleum wax is deter-mined by simulated distillation by gas chromatography(TestMethod D2887).If necessary,an internal standard is used todetermine the amount of material not volatile under theconditions of the chromatograph.3.2 Classification i
11、s made on the basis of the amount of thesample with normal boiling point above 538C(1000F).3.3 Further characterization is then done using other testmethods on the wax.In particular,the melting point behavior,color,odor,and viscosity when melted and refractive indexwhen melted have been found useful
12、.4.Significance and Use4.1 Petroleum waxes in rubber compounds are commonlyused to provide protection from degradation by ozone understatic conditions,that is,when there is little or no flexing of therubber products.The mode of action for this protection is(1)migration of the wax through the rubber
13、to the surface of theproduct and(2)the formation of an ozone impervious film onthe surface.1This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 onRubber and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.20 on CompoundingMaterials and Procedures.Current edition approved May 1,2012.
14、Published July 2012.Originally approvedin 1989.Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D4924 89(2005).DOI:10.1520/D4924-89R12.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,re
15、fer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 4.2 This standard classifies the petroleum waxes on thebasis of molecular weight.In general,waxes of lower molecu-lar
16、 weight(“paraffinic”or“crystalline”)migrate through therubber more rapidly and form more brittle film than the highermolecular weight waxes(“microcrystalline”).Wax mixturesand blends are commonly used.4.3 No direct inference of suitability for use in a particularrubber compound is made or implied by the classificationsherein.5.Basis of Classification5.1 Determine the boiling point curve by gas chromato-graphic distillation,using Test Method D2887.The presence ofhigh boiling wax(carbon number 42)
