1、Designation:D443000(Reapproved 2015)Standard Practice forDetermining the Operational Comparability ofMeteorological Measurements1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4430;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revisio
2、n,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 Sensor systems used for making meteorological mea-surements may be tested for laboratory accuracy in environ-
3、mental chambers or wind tunnels,but natural exposure cannotbe fully simulated.Atmospheric quantities are continuouslyvariable in time and space;therefore,repeated measurementsof the same quantities as required by Practice E177 todetermine precision are not possible.This practice providesstandard pro
4、cedures for exposure,data sampling,and process-ing to be used with two measuring systems in determining theiroperational comparability(1,2).21.2 The procedures provided produce measurement samplesthat can be used for statistical analysis.Comparability isdefined in terms of specified statistical para
5、meters.Otherstatistical parameters may be computed by methods describedin other ASTM standards or statistics handbooks(3).1.3 Where the two measuring systems are identical,that is,same make,model,and manufacturer,the operational compa-rability is called functional precision.1.4 Meteorological determ
6、inations frequently require simul-taneous measurements to establish the spatial distribution ofatmospheric quantities or periodically repeated measurement todetermine the time distribution,or both.In some cases,anumber of identical systems may be used,but in others amixture of instrument systems may
7、 be employed.The proce-dures described herein are used to determine the variability oflike or unlike systems for making the same measurement.1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establi
8、sh appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.(See 8.1 for more specific safetyprecautionary information.)2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresE177 Practice for Use
9、 of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test Methods3.Terminology3.1 For additional definitions of terms,refer to TerminologyD1356.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 difference(D)the difference between the systematicdifference(d)of a set of samples and the true mean()of thepopu
10、lation:D 5 d 2(1)3.2.2 systematic difference(d)the mean of the differencesin the measurement by the two systems:d 51N(i51NXai2 Xbi!(2)3.2.3 operational comparability(C)the root mean square(rms)of the difference between simultaneous readings fromtwo systems measuring the same quantity in the same env
11、iron-ment:C 5 61N(i51NXai2 Xbi!2(3)where:Xai=ith measurement made by one system,Xbi=ith simultaneous measurement made by anothersystem,andN=number of samples used.3.2.3.1 functional precisionthe operational comparabilityof identical systems.3.2.4 estimated standard deviation of the difference(s)amea
12、sure of the dispersion of a series of differences around theirmean.1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.11 on Meteorology.Current edition approved April 1,2015.Published April 2015.Originallyapproved in 1984.
13、Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4430 00(2010).DOI:10.1520/D4430-00R15.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis practice.3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For A
14、nnual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 s 5 6=C22 d2(4)3.2.5skewness(M)the symmetry of the distribution(thethird moment
15、 about the mean).M 5(i51NXai2 Xbi!2 d!3N3(5)M=0 for normal distribution.3.2.6 kurtosis(K)the peakedness of the distribution(thefourth moment about the mean),K=3 for normal distribution.K 5(i51NXai2 Xbi!2 d!4N4(6)3.2.7 response time(T)the time required for the change inoutput of a measuring system to
16、 reach 63%of a step functionchange in the variable being measured.3.2.8 identical systemssystems of the same make andmodel produced by the same manufacturer.3.2.9 resolution(r)the smallest change in an atmosphericvariable that is reported as a change in the measurement.4.Summary of Practice4.1 The systems to be compared must make measurementswithin a cylindrical volume of the ambient atmosphere notgreater than 10 m in horizontal diameter.The vertical extent ofthe volume must be the lesser of 1 m
