1、Designation:D428018Standard Specification forExtended Life Type,Nonplowable,Raised RetroreflectivePavement Markers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4280;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of
2、last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This specification covers nonplowable,retroreflectiveraised pavement markers for nighttime lane marking anddelineation.1.2
3、The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard,except where noted in the document.Thevalues given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SIunits that are provided for information only and are notconsidered standard.1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only
4、 to thetest methods portion,Section 9,of this specification:Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety,health,andenvironmental practices and determine the appl
5、icability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recom-mendations issued by th
6、e World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C778 Specification for Standard SandD5/D5M Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Mate-rialsD36/D36M Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen(Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)D71 Test Method for
7、 Relative Density of Solid Pitch andAsphalt(Displacement Method)D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD113 Test Method for Ductility of Asphalt MaterialsD1785 Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride)(PVC)PlasticPipe,Schedules 40,80,and 120D3111 Test Method for Flexibilit
8、y Determination of Hot-Melt Adhesives by Mandrel Bend Test MethodD4402/D4402M Test Method for Viscosity Determination ofAsphalt at Elevated Temperatures Using a RotationalViscometerD5329 Test Methods for Sealants and Fillers,Hot-Applied,for Joints and Cracks in Asphalt Pavements and PortlandCement C
9、oncrete PavementsE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE284 Terminology of AppearanceE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE808 Practice for Describing RetroreflectionE809 Practice for Measuring Photometric
10、Characteristics ofRetroreflectorsE811 Practice for Measuring Colorimetric Characteristics ofRetroreflectors Under Nighttime Conditions2.2 Federal Specification:3TT-T-291 Thinner,Paint,Mineral Spirits,Regular and Odor-less2.3 AASHTO Standard:4AASHTO M 237 Epoxy ResinAdhesive for Bonding TrafficMarker
11、s to Hardened Concrete3.Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 cleanabilitythe ability of a raised retroreflectivemarker to keep its optical surfaces clean under traffic andenvironmental conditions.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the d
12、irect responsibility of Subcommittee D04.38 onHighway Traffic Control Materials.Current edition approved July 1,2018.Published July 2018.Originally approvedin 1983.Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D4280 15.DOI:10.1520/D4280-18.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.o
13、rg,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S.Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N.Capitol St.,NW,Mail Stop:SDE,Washington,DC 20401,
14、http:/www.access.gpo.gov.4Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials(AASHTO),444 N.Capitol St.,NW,Suite 249,Washington,DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United Sta
15、tesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Tra
16、de(TBT)Committee.1 3.1.2 coeffcient of luminous intensity,RIthe ratio of theluminous intensity(I)of the retroreflector in the direction ofobservation to the illuminance(E)at the retroreflector on aplane perpendicular to the direction of the incident light,expressed in candelas per lux(cd/lx)(see Practice E808 andTerminology E284).3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe values presented for the coefficientof luminous intensity are presented in SI units,which are theaccepted worldwide norm for expressing this value
