1、Designation:D408389(Reapproved 2016)Standard Practice forDescription of Frozen Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4083;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last
2、revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S.Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1 This practice presents a procedure for the
3、description offrozen soils based on visual examination and simple manualtests.1.2 It is intended to be used in conjunction with Test MethodD2487 and Practice D2488,which describe and classify soils,but do not cover their frozen state.1.3 This procedure is based on“Guide to Field Descriptionof Permaf
4、rost for Engineering Purposes,”National ResearchCouncil of Canada,1963,and MIL-STD-619.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and
5、 determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations.This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunctionwith professional judgment.Not all aspects of this pr
6、actice maybe applicable in all circumstances.This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be applied without consideration ofa projects many unique aspects.The word“Standard
7、”in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering Designand Construction Purposes(Withdrawn 2011)3D653 Terminology Relating to Soil,Rock,and Cont
8、ainedFluidsD1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by AugerBoringsD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes(Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)2.2 Military Standard:MIL-STD-619 Unifie
9、d Soil Classification System for Roads,Airfields,Embankments and Foundations43.Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Definitions of the soil components of a frozen soilmass,that is,boulders,cobbles,gravel,sand,fines(silt andclay),and organic soils and peat shall be in accordance withTerminology D653.3.1.
10、2 The following terms are used in conjunction with thedescription of frozen ground areas(Fig.1):53.1.2.1 annual frost zone(active layer)the top layer ofground subject to annual freezing and thawing.3.1.2.2 frost tablethe frozen surface,usually irregular,thatrepresents the level,to which thawing of s
11、easonally frozenground has penetrated.See Fig.1.3.1.2.3 frozen zonea range of depth within which the soilis frozen.The frozen zone may be bounded both top andbottom by unfrozen soil,or at the top by the ground surface.3.1.2.4 ground icea body of more or less clear ice withinfrozen ground.3.1.2.5 ice
12、 wedgea wedge-shaped mass in permafrost,usually associated with fissures in polygons.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.19 on Frozen Soils andRock.Current edition approved June 1,2016.Published June 2016.
13、Originallyapproved in 1982.Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4083 83(2007).DOI:10.1520/D4083-89R16.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards
14、 Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from Naval Publications and Forms Center,5801 Tabor Ave.,Philadelphia,PA 19120.5For more complete lists of generally accepted terms used in the description offroze
15、n ground see:Hennion,F.,“Frost and Permafrost Definitions,”Bulletin 111,Highway Research Board,Washington,DC 1955;and Brown,R.J.E.,and Kupsch,W.D.,“Permafrost Terminology,”Technical Memorandum No.111,NationalResearch Council of Canada,1974.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C7
16、00,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 3.1.2.6 icinga surface ice mass formed by freezing ofsuccessive sheets of water.3.1.2.7 permafrostthe thermal condition in soil or rock,wherein the materials have existed at a temperature below 0C(32F)continuously for a number of years.Pore fluids or icemay or may not be present.3.1.2.8 permafrost tablethe surface that represents theupper limit of permafrost.3.1.2.9 polygons(polygonal ground)more or less regular-sized surface patterns created by
