1、Designation:D 4407 84(Reapproved 2002)Standard Practice forCollecting Benthic Macroinvertebrates With Orange PeelGrab Sampler1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4407;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This practice covers the procedures for obtaining quali-tative bottom samples of macroinvertebrates inhabiting
3、 sand,cobble,rubble stone,and similar substrates.1.2 The sampler should not be used in critical quantitativework that is to be compared with results of other areas and isrecommended as a reconnaisance sampler only.1.3 This device is used primarily in marine waters and deeplakes.1.4 For the advantage
4、s and limitations of selecting grabsampling devices,see Guide D 4387.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the app
5、lica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specifichazards,see Section 5.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 4387 Guide for Selecting Grab Sampling Devices forCollecting Benthic Macroinvertebrates23.Summary of Practice3.1 The Orange-Peel grab sampler has four curved jaws thatclose
6、 to encircle a hemisphere of sediment and must penetratethe intended substrate without disturbing the water surfaceboundary of the substrate,close when positioned properly onthe bottom,and retain discrete samples of sediment while it isbrought to the surface for processing.3.2 A recent modification
7、of the Orange Peel,described byReish(1959)3has a new trigger mechanism and more efficientclosing jaws,and the volume of sample to surface-areasampled relationship has been worked out.3.3 The surface area of this device also varies with penetra-tion depth or volume sampled.3.4 The device penetrates t
8、o a maximum depth of 18 cm,butthis depth will vary.4.Significance and Use4.1 The Orange-Peel grab sampler is used to collect quali-tative samples from different aquatic habitats containingbenthic macroinvertebrates living on or in various types ofsubstrates.4.2 The organisms in the sample are used t
9、o define macro-invertebrate community characteristics in water quality studiesand ecological assessments.5.Hazards5.1 This sampler cannot be used under adverse weatherconditions.5.2 The Orange Peel should be inspected for mechanicaldefects prior to use.5.3 When taking samples,a stationary boat or pl
10、atformshould be used.6.Procedure6.1 Lower the sampler to the bottom by a powered winchand cable.6.2 Lower the sampler at a slow but steady rate.6.3 Once the sampler reaches the bottom,the jaws areoperated by a large wheel and sprocket mechanism within theupper frame work,and may be operated by a sec
11、ond cable orby a slack release mechanism activated by a messenger.6.4 The sampler is retrieved slowly,but to prevent sampleloss a loosely fitted canvas sleeve can be placed on the upperworks to prevent washing out of the sample.6.5 Once the sample is on board,empty it either into asuitable container
12、 or a sieving device directly for processing.6.6 Thoroughly wash or hose the device with water,so thatall sediment material is included in the sample processingbefore a replicate sample is taken.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 on BiologicalEffects and Environmental Fat
13、e and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE47.08 on Terrestrial Assessment and Toxicology.Current edition approved Sept.28,1984.Published November 1984.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 11.05.3Reish,D.J.,“Modification of the Hayward Orange Peel Bucket for BottomSampling,”Ecology 40,1959,pp.
14、502503.1Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.NOTICE:This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.Contact ASTM International(www.astm.org)for the latest information.ASTM International tak
15、es no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard.Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the riskof infringement of such rights,are entirely their own respo
16、nsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not recei
