1、Designation:D248809aStandard Practice forDescription and Identification of Soils(Visual-ManualProcedure)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2488;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revis
2、ion.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S.Department of Defense.1.Scope*1.1 This practice covers procedures for the descrip
3、tion ofsoils for engineering purposes.1.2 This practice also describes a procedure for identifyingsoils,at the option of the user,based on the classificationsystem described in Test Method D2487.The identification isbased on visual examination and manual tests.It must beclearly stated in reporting a
4、n identification that it is based onvisual-manual procedures.1.2.1 When precise classification of soils for engineeringpurposes is required,the procedures prescribed in Test MethodD2487 shall be used.1.2.2 In this practice,the identification portion assigning agroup symbol and name is limited to soi
5、l particles smaller than3 in.(75 mm).1.2.3 The identification portion of this practice is limited tonaturally occurring soils(either intact or disturbed).NOTE1This practice may be used as a descriptive system applied tosuch materials as shale,claystone,shells,crushed rock,etc.(see AppendixX2).1.3 Th
6、e descriptive information in this practice may be usedwith other soil classification systems or for materials other thannaturally occurring soils.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard.The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are p
7、rovided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bili
8、ty of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specificprecautionary statements see Section 8.1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations.This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunctionwith professional judgment.No
9、t all aspects of this practice maybe applicable in all circumstances.This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be applied without consideration ofa projects many unique a
10、spects.The word“Standard”in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil,Rock,and ContainedFluidsD1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by AugerBoringsD
11、1586 Test Method for Penetration Test(SPT)and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils forGeotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site InvestigationD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes
12、(Unified Soil Classification System)D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4083 Practice for Description of Frozen Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)3.Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1Except a
13、s listed below,all definitions are in accor-dance with Terminology D653.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.07 on Identification andClassification of Soils.Current edition approved June 15,2009.Published
14、July 2009.Originallyapproved in 1966.Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D2488 09.DOI:10.1520/D2488-09A.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standar
15、ds Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 NOTE2For particles retained on a 3-in.(75-mm)US standard sieve,the following defi
16、nitions are suggested:Cobblesparticles of rock that will pass a 12-in.(300-mm)squareopening and be retained on a 3-in.(75-mm)sieve,andBouldersparticles of rock that will not pass a 12-in.(300-mm)squareopening.3.1.2 claysoil passing a No.200(75-m)sieve that can bemade to exhibit plasticity(putty-like properties)within a rangeof water contents,and that exhibits considerable strength whenair-dry.For classification,a clay is a fine-grained soil,or thefine-grained portion of a soil,with a plasticity
