1、Designation:D132116aStandard Test Method forNeedle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1321;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parenth
2、eses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S.Department of Defense.1.Scope*1.1 This test method covers the empirical estimation of theconsistency of
3、waxes derived from petroleum by measurementof the extent of penetration of a standard needle.This testmethod is applicable to waxes having a penetration of notgreater than 250.NOTE1This test method is similar to the needle method fordetermining the penetration of bituminous material,Test Method D5.C
4、one methods applicable to greases and to petrolatum are described inTest Methods D217 and Test Method D937,respectively.1.2 WARNINGMercury has been designated by manyregulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system,kidney and liver damage.Mercury,orits vapor,may be ha
5、zardous to health and corrosive tomaterials.Caution should be taken when handling mercury andmercury containing products.See the applicable product Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet(MSDS)for details and EPAswebsitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor addi-tional information.Users should be aware that sell
6、ing mercuryand/or mercury containing products into your state or countrymay be prohibited by law.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.3.1 ExceptionThe values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety c
7、oncerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5 Test Method for Penetration of Bitumi
8、nous MaterialsD87 Test Method for Melting Point of Petroleum Wax(Cooling Curve)D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of LubricatingGreaseD937 Test Method for Cone Penetration of PetrolatumD938 Test Method for Congealing Point of PetroleumWaxes,Including PetrolatumE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in
9、-Glass ThermometersE2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids3.Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 penetration,nof petroleum wax,the depth in tenthsof a millimetre to which a standard needle penetrates into thewax under defined conditions.3.1.1.1 Discus
10、sionAs an example,a penetration readingof 85 from the indicator scale corresponds to a penetrationdepth of 8.5 mm.3.1.2 penetrometer,nan instrument that measures theconsistency or hardness of semiliquid to semisolid materials bymeasuring the depth to which a specified cone or needle undera given for
11、ce falls into the material.3.1.2.1 DiscussionIn this test method,a standard pen-etrometer needle(6.3)is used to determine the hardness ofpetroleum wax.The penetration force is determined by thetotal mass(100 g)of the needle,plunger,and 50 g weight.4.Summary of Test Method4.1 The sample is heated to
12、at least 17 C(30 F)above itsexpected congealing point or melting point,poured into a1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products,Liquid Fuels,and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.10.0A on Physical/Chemical Properties.Current edi
13、tion approved July 1,2016.Published July 2016.Originally approvedin 1954.Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D1321 16.DOI:10.1520/D1321-16A.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards vol
14、ume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 container,and then air cooled under controlle
15、d conditions.Thesample then is conditioned at test temperature in a water bath.Penetration is measured with a penetrometer,which applies astandard needle to the sample for 5 s under a load of 100 g.5.Significance and Use5.1 Petroleum waxes differ in hardness.Needle penetrationis a measurement of har
16、dness.Hardness may have a significanteffect upon other physical properties.6.Apparatus6.1 Penetrometer,for applying the standard needle to thesurface of the sample specimen and for measuring the extent ofpenetration at the conclusion of the test.The penetrometer shallbe constructed in such a manner that the accurate placement ofthe tip of the needle at the level surface of the specimen maybe made while maintaining a“zero”reading on the indicator.The apparatus shown in Fig.1 represents a composit
