1、 FINAL REPORT on INTERLABORATORY COOPERATIVE STUDY OF THE PRECISION AND ACCURACY OF THE DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIVE DENSITY OF BLACK SMOKE(Ringelmann Method)USING ASTM METHOD D 3211-73 T J.E.Howes,Jr.,R.N.Pesut,and J.F.Foster Battelle Memorial Institute ASTM DATA SERIES PUBLICATION DS 55-S10 List
2、Price$5.00 05-055100-17 b AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1916 Race Street,Philadelphia,Pa.19103 BY AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1974 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number:74-76293 NOTE The Society is not responsible,as a body,for the statements and opinions advanced in th
3、is publication.rBattelle is not engaged in research for advertising,sales|promotion,or publicity purposes,and this report may I not be reproduced in full or in part for such purposes.I Printed in Gibbsboro,New Jersey August 1974 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 SUMMARY OF RESULTS 2 EXPERIMENTAL
4、 PROGRAM.3 ASTM Test Method D 3211-73T 3 Interlaboratory Test Procedure 3 Test Site Conditions 4 Generator Tests 1,2,and 3 4 Boiler Stack,Test 4.5 Coke Plant Stacks,Test 5 5 Power Plant Stack,Test 6 7 Smoke Observer Participants 7 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SMOKE DENSITY ESTIMATES.8 Statistical Measure
5、s 8 Reproducibility .8 Accuracy .9 Experimental Data 9 Preliminary Data Evaluation.16 Reproducibility Analysis 18 Analysis of Accuracy 28 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 33 RECOMMENDATIONS 37 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 38 REFERENCES 39 APPENDIX STANDARD METHOD OF TEST FOR RELATIVE DENSITY OF BLACK SMOKE(RINGELMANN
6、 METHOD)43 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.Observer Estimates and Smoke Generator Readings of Smoke Density for Test No.1 10 Table 2.Observer Estimates and Smoke Generator Readings of Smoke Density for Test No.2 11 Table 3.Observer Estimates and Smoke Generator Readings of Smoke Density for Test No.3 12 (Lis
7、t of Tables Continued)Page Table 4.Observer Estimates of the Density of Smoke From A Boiler Smokestack(Test No.4)13 Table 5.Observer Estimates of the Density of Smoke From Coke Plant Smokestacks(Test No.5)14 Table 6.Observer Estimates of the Density of Smoke From A Power Plant Smokestack(Test No.6)1
8、5 Table 7.Summary of the Deviation Between Observer Estimates and Smoke Generator Readings for Tests 1,2,and 3a 17 Table 8.Statistical Analysis of Test 1 Data 19 Table 9.Statistical Analysis of Test 2 Data 20 Table 10.Statistical Analysis of Test 3 Data 21 Table 11.Statistical Analysis of Test 4 Dat
9、a 22 Table 12.Statistical Analysis of Test 5 Data 23 Table 13.Statistical Analysis of Test 6 Data 24 Table 14.Comparison of Generator-Derived Reproducibility Curve With Source Data 28 Table 15.Summary of Accuracy Analysis of ASTM Method D 3211(Ringelmann Method)31 Table 16.Summary of Accuracy Analys
10、is of Observer Estimates as a Function of Smoke Density 32 Table 17.Probability of Declaring Smoke Readings Above Specified Level Based on Reproducibility Data 35 Table 18.Probability of Detecting Multiple Readings in Excess of a Specified Level 36 LIST OF-FIGURES Figure 1.Test 1,2,and 3 Conditions
11、for Generator Smoke Readings.4 Figure 2.Test 4 Conditions for Boiler Stack Smoke Readings 5 Figure 3.Observer View of Boiler Stack Used for Test 4 Smoke Readings 6 Figure 4.Smoke Plume from Boiler Stack Used for Test 4 Smoke Readings 6 ii (List of Figures Continued)Figure 5.Coke-Plant Stacks Used Fo
12、r Test 5 Smoke Readings Figure 6.Test 5 Conditions for Coke Plant Stack Smoke Readings.Figure 7.Test 6 Conditions for Power Plant Stack Smoke Readings.Figure 8.Scatter Diagram and Least Squares Curve Relating Repro-dibility(Between-Observer Standard Deviation)To Mean Smoke Density Figure 9.Histogram
13、 of Differences in Smoke Density Estimates and Smoke Generator Readings for all Observers(Tests 1 and 2)Page 6 5 7 26 29 in INTERLABORATORY COOPERATIVE STUDY OF THE PRECISION AND ACCURACY OF THE DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIVE DENSITY OF BLACK SMOKE(RINGELMANN METHOD)USING ASTM METHOD D 3211-73T by J.
14、E.Howes,Jr.,R.N.Pesut,and J.F.Foster INTRODUCTION In 1971 in recognition of the important relationship between the measurement and the effective control of air pollution,American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM)initiated a pioneering program,designated Project Threshold,to validate methods fo
15、r measuring contaminants in the ambient atmosphere and in source emissions.The first phase of the program was devoted to evaluation of methods for measuring the content of nitrogen dioxide(D 1607-69),sulfur dioxide(D 2914-70T),dustfall(D 1739-70)total sulfation(D 2010-65),particulate matter(D 1704-6
16、1),and lead(D 3112)in the atmosphere15*.Methods for the measurement of the relative density of black smoke(D 3211-73T),oxides of nitrogen(B 1608-60),sulfur oxides(D 3226-73T),parti-culates(D 2928-71),and particulates and collected residue(proposed method)in source emissions have been evaluated in Phase 2 of Project Threshold.Evalua-tion of a pitot tube method(D 3154-72)for determining the average velocity in a duct and the condensation method for determining the moisture content of stack gases w
