1、Designation:A435/A435M90(Reapproved 2012)Standard Specification forStraight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Plates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A435/A435M;the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or,in the case of revision,th
2、e year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This specification2covers the procedure and acceptancestandards for straight-beam,pulse-echo,ultrasonic examina-
3、tion of rolled fully killed carbon and alloy steel plates,12in.12.5 mm and over in thickness.It was developed to assuredelivery of steel plates free of gross internal discontinuitiessuch as pipe,ruptures,or laminations and is to be usedwhenever the inquiry,contract,order,or specification statesthat
4、the plates are to be subjected to ultrasonic examination.1.2 Individuals performing examinations in accordance withthis specification shall be qualified and certified in accordancewith the requirements of the latest edition of ASNT SNT-TC-1A or an equivalent accepted standard.An equivalentstandard i
5、s one which covers the qualification and certificationof ultrasonic nondestructive examination candidates and whichis acceptable to the purchaser.1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI unitsare to be regarded separately as standard.Within the text,theSI units are shown in brackets.Th
6、e values stated in eachsystem are not exact equivalents,therefore,each system mustbe used independently of the other.Combining values from thetwo systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-cation.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASNT Documents:3ASNT SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for PersonnelQu
7、alification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing3.Apparatus3.1 The manufacturer shall furnish suitable ultrasonicequipment and qualified personnel necessary for performingthe test.The equipment shall be of the pulse-echo straight beamtype.The transducer is normally 1 to 118in.25 to 30 mm indi
8、ameter or 1 in.25 mm square;however,any transducerhaving a minimum active area of 0.7 in.2450 mm2 may beused.The test shall be performed by one of the followingmethods:direct contact,immersion,or liquid column coupling.3.2 Other search units may be used for evaluating andpinpointing indications.4.Te
9、st Conditions4.1 Conduct the examination in an area free of operationsthat interfere with proper functioning of the equipment.4.2 Clean and smooth the plate surface sufficiently tomaintain a reference back reflection from the opposite side ofthe plate at least 50%of the full scale during scanning.4.
10、3 The surface of plates inspected by this method may beexpected to contain a residue of oil or rust or both.Anyspecified identification which is removed when grinding toachieve proper surface smoothness shall be restored.5.Procedure5.1 Ultrasonic examination shall be made on either majorsurface of t
11、he plate.Acceptance of defects in close proximitymay require inspection from the second major surface.Platesordered in the quenched and tempered condition shall be testedfollowing heat treatment.5.2 A nominal test frequency of 214MHz is recommended.Thickness,grain size,or microstructure of the mater
12、ial andnature of the equipment or method may require a higher orlower test frequency.However,frequencies less than 1 MHzmay be used only on agreement with the purchaser.A clear,easily interpreted trace pattern should be produced during theexamination.5.3 Conduct the examination with a test frequency
13、 andinstrument adjustment that will produce a minimum 50 to amaximum 75%of full scale reference back reflection from theopposite side of a sound area of the plate.While calibrating theinstrument,sweep the crystal along the plate surface for adistance of at least 1T or 6 in.150 mm,whichever is thegre
14、ater,and note the position of the back reflection.A shift inlocation of the back reflection during calibration shall be causefor recalibration of the instrument.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsib
15、ility of SubcommitteeA01.11 on Steel Plates for Boilers and Pressure Vessels.Current edition approved March 1,2012.Published March 2012.Originallyapproved in 1959.Last previous edition approved in 2007 as A435/A435M 90(2007).DOI:10.1520/A0435_A0435M-90R12.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code ap
16、plications,see related Specifi-cations SA-435/SA-435M in Section II of that Code.Available from AmericanSociety of Mechanical Engineers(ASME),ASME International Headquarters,Three Park Ave.,New York,NY 10016-5990,http:/www.asme.org.3Available fromAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing(ASNT),P.O.Box28518,1711 Arlingate Ln.,Columbus,OH 43228-0518,http:/www.asnt.org.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1Copyright by ASTM In
