1、Designation:F121014Standard Guide forEcological Considerations for the Use of Oil SpillDispersants in Freshwater and Other Inland Environments,Lakes and Large Water Bodies1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1210;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
2、original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This guide covers the use of oil spill dispersants to assistin the
3、 control of oil spills.The guide is written with the goal ofminimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills;this goal isthe basis on which the recommendations are made.Aestheticand socioeconomic factors are not considered,although theseand other factors are often important in spill response.1.2 S
4、pill responders have available several means to controlor clean up spilled oil.In this guide,the use of dispersants isgiven equal consideration with other spill countermeasures.Itis not considered as a“last resort”after all other methods havefailed.1.3 This is a general guide only.Oil,as used in thi
5、s guide,includes crude oils and refined petroleum products.Differencesbetween individual dispersants or between different oil prod-ucts are not considered.1.4 The guide is organized by habitat type,for example,small ponds and lakes,rivers and streams,and land.Itconsiders the use of dispersants prima
6、rily to protect habitatsfrom impact(or to minimize impacts).1.5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inlandenvironments.It does not consider the direct application ofdispersants to subsurface waters.1.6 In making dispersant use decisions,appropriate govern-ment authorities should be consu
7、lted as required by law.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standa
8、rd to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F2532 Guide for Determining Net Environmental Benefit ofDispersant Use3.Significance and Use3.1 This guide is meant to aid local
9、and regional responseteams who may use it during spill response planning and spillevents.3.2 This guide should be adapted to site specific circum-stance.4.Environment CoveredLakes and Large WaterBodies4.1 Lakes and large water bodies are major fresh waterfeatures that are a significant part of major
10、 water systems.Theyhave a dynamic near-shore ecology,and a wide mixture ofanimal and plants species.In northern regions,these waterbodies may be partly or completely ice-covered during part ofthe year but will not freeze to the bottom.Commerciallyimportant fishing and recreational activities are fre
11、quentlyassociated with these water bodies.4.2 While most of these bodies are naturally occurring andexist during the most year,some may be man-made.4.3 The characteristics of these water bodies are:4.3.1 Open water area greater than 10 hectares,4.3.2 Water depths in excess of 1.5 m,4.3.3 Soft or har
12、d bottom with a low organic content exceptin shallow water areas,4.3.4 Acidic water in some areas especially near industrialregions,4.3.5 A well defined inlet or outlet,or both,and1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Responseand is the dire
13、ct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.13 on Treatment.Current edition approved March 1,2014.Published March 2014.Originallyapproved in 1989.Last previous edition approved in 2008 as F1210 08.DOI:10.1520/F1210-14.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Custome
14、r Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 4.3.6 A well defined shoreline of varied char
15、acteristics suchas sand beaches and rocky headlands similar to marineenvironments.Some parts of the shore may be similar to thosein ponds and sloughs.5.Background5.1 The effects of oil and dispersed oil on these aquaticenvironments have been the subject of numerous studies.Thestudies have involved b
16、oth intentional experimental spills andstudies undertaken during actual spill situations(1-4).35.2 There have been a number of studies on the impact of oiland oil/dispersant mixtures on microbiological systems(5-11)and on macrobiota(12,13).5.3 The principal biotic components of such water bodiesare a variety of fauna and flora.The aquatic flora include algae(planktonic and attached)and floating or submerged vascularplants.Terrestrial flora include grasses,moss,lichens,herbs,forbs,and woody plant
