1、Designation:E300215Standard Practice forAssessing the Comparative Efficacy of Products Used forthe Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents(CWAs)on Skin1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3002;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、 or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This practice establishes an in-vivo method for assessingthe comparative efficacy o
3、f products used for the decontami-nation of chemical warfare agents(CWAs)on the skin.1.2 This practice provides a quantitative efficacy compari-son of different skin decontamination products.1.3 To minimize the number of animals used,this in-vivopractice should be performed only after rigorous in-vi
4、trostudies of the candidate decontaminant,which can show theimplied claims including chemical neutralization,decontami-nation studies on surfaces and appropriate testing such ascytotoxicity.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.No other units of measurement are included in
5、thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with the use of decontami-nation products or CWAs.It is the responsibility of the user ofthis standard to establish appropriate safety and health prac-tices and determine the applicability of regul
6、atory limitationsprior to use.2.Terminology2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 Chemical Warfare Agents(CWA),ntoxic chemicalsthat have been used as chemical weapons,or have beendeveloped for use as chemical weapons.2.1.1.1 DiscussionThe most common chemical warfareagents are:(1 a
7、nd 2):2(a)nerve agentstabun(GA),sarin(GB),soman(GD),cyclosarin(GF),VX;and(b)blister agents(or vesicants)mustard and lewisite.2.1.2 decontamination,nthe process of physical removalor chemical neutralization,or both,of CWAs to decrease orprevent health effects due to a dermal contamination.2.1.3 in-vi
8、tro study,nstudy or protocol performed outsideof a living organism,either with or without the use of abiological material.2.1.4 in-vivo study,nstudy using a whole living organism.2.1.5 Organophosphate Agent(OP),nthe general namefor esters of phosphoric acid that are toxic through inhibition ofthe en
9、zyme acetylcholinesterase.2.1.6 Protective Ratio(PR),nthe LD50of the decontami-nated animals divided by the LD50of the positive control(exposed to CWAs and not decontaminated)animals(3-5).2.1.7 vesicant agenta chemical agent that causes burnsand destruction of tissue.2.2 Acronyms:2.2.1 GAcommon name
10、:Tabun;IUPAC name:(Ethyldimethylphosphoramidocyanidate):Organophosphate nerveagent.2.2.1.1 DiscussionThis nerve agent is the easiest to manu-facture.Consequently,it is more likely that developing coun-tries start their CW arsenal with this nerve agent whereasindustrialized countries consider Tabun t
11、o be out-of-date and oflimited use.2.2.2 GBcommon name:Sarin;IUPAC name:(RS)-Propan-2-yl methylphosphonofluoride)Organophosphatenerve agent.2.2.2.1 DiscussionGB is a volatile substance mainly takenup through inhalation.2.2.3 GDcommon name:Soman;IUPAC name:(O-Pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate Organ
12、ophosphate nerveagent.2.2.3.1 DiscussionA moderately volatile substance whichcan be taken up by inhalation or skin contact.2.2.4 GFcommon name:Cyclohexyl sarin;IUPAC name:(Cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate)Organophosphatenerve agent.2.2.4.1 DiscussionA substance with low volatility which1This pra
13、ctice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E54 on HomelandSecurity Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E54.03 onDecontamination.Current edition approved June 15,2015.Published June 2015.DOI:10.1520/E3002-15.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of refe
14、rences at the end ofthis standard.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 is taken up through skin contact and inhalation of the substanceeither as a gas or aerosol.2.2.5 HDcommon name:Mustard or Distilled SulfurMustard;IUPAC name
15、:(bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide);Vesicant.2.2.5.1 DiscussionIn its pure state,mustard agent is col-orless and almost odorless.2.2.6 Lcommon name:Lewisite:IUPAC name:(2-chloroethenylarsonous dichloride).Vesicant.2.2.7 LD50a standard measure of toxicity.The individualdose required to kill 50%of the animal
16、s in a test population.2.2.8 VXcommon name:VX,IUPAC name:(O-ethylS-2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothioate).2.2.8.1 DiscussionOrganophosphate nerve agent,a persis-tent substance which can remain on material,equipment andterrain for long periods.Update is mainly through the skin butalso through inhalation of the substance as a gas or aerosol.3.Summary of Practice3.1 Due to the extreme hazards of the chemical warfareagents,the efficacy of decontamination products cannot beevaluated in a h
