1、 Monograph 1 Thermal Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine Fuels Robert N.Hazlett ASTM Publication Code Number(PCN)31-001092-12 ASTM 1916 Race St.Philadelphia,PA 19103 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hazlett,Robert N.Thermal oxidation stability of aviation turbine fuels/Robert N
2、.Hazlett.(Monograph:1)includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-8031-1248-3 1.Airplanes-Fuel.2.Fuel-Oxidation.3.Fuel-Thermal properties.I.Title.I1.Series:Monograph(American Society for Testing and Materials);1.TL704.7.H39 1991 629.134351-dc20 91-36246 CIP Copyright 1991 AMERICAN SOCIETY F
3、OR TESTING AND MATERIALS,Philadelphia,PA.All rights reserved.This material may not be reproduced or copied,in whole or in part,in any printed,mechanical,electronic,film,or other distribution and storage media,without the written consent of the publisher.Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy it
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6、is not responsible,as a body,for the statements and opinions in this publication.Printed in Ann Arbor,MI December 1991 Dedication I dedicate this book to my wife,Margaret,who patiently encouraged me throughout and accepted my long hours at the word processor.I also recognize those who have been posi
7、tive influences in my professional career:Max Barber,my high school science teacher;Dr.Ruth Thompson,my college chemistry professor;Dr.William McEwen,my thesis advisor for my Ph.D.research;and Dr.Homer Carhart,my long-time mentor and friend at the Naval Research Laboratory.Acknowledgments The author
8、 thanks the following individuals for furnishing copies of figures or tables used in the monograph.Royce P.Bradley,Wright-Patterson AFB:Figure 1 of Chapter III.Richard H.Clark,Shell Thornton Research Centre:Figures 6 and 7 of Chapter IV;Figure 6 of Chapter V;Figure 4 of Chapter Vt;Figure 1 of Chapte
9、r VIII;Figures 2 and 3 of Chapter IX.T.F.Lyon of General Electric Co.:Figure 2 of Chapter I.Robert E.Morris of the Naval Research Laboratory:Figure l of Chapter IX.E.M.Nesvig of Erdco Engineering:Figure 1 of Chapter II.C.J.Nowack of the Naval Air Propulsion Center:Figure 3 of Chapter I;Figures 3 and
10、 4 of Chapter III;Figure 4 of Chapter IV;Table 1 and Figures 3,7,and 8 of Chapter V.John E.Schmidt of Boeing Co.:Table 2 and Figure 4 of Chapter I;Figure 3 of Chapter X.William F.Taylor of Exxon Research and Engineering:Figure 2 of Chapter VI;Figure 3 of Chapter VII.George R.Wilson of Alcor,Inc.:Fig
11、ure 2 of Chapter II.The author thanks Richard H.Clark of Shell Thornton Research Centre,Pierre J.Mar-teney of United Technologies Research Center,and C.J.Nowack for providing many important documents and papers used in writing the monograph.The author also thanks the reviewers,whose suggestions sign
12、ificantly improved the read-ability and technical quality of the monograph.He also thanks his wife Margaret who diligently proofed the text.Contents Chapter I-INTRODUCTION Previous Reviews of Thermal Oxidation Stability Early Experiences Flight Tests Recent Problems in Thermal Stability Fuel Quality
13、 and Component Testing Stress Conditions in Aviation Turbine Engines Chapter II-sPECIFICATION METHODS AND LIMITS CRC/ASTM Coker Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Tester Research Coker Other Dynamic Testers Static Testers Chapter III-sIMULATORS AND LARGE-SCALE RIGS Fuel System Simulators Engine Component Ri
14、gs Fuel Tank Simulator Chapter IV-RESEARCH TESTS AND DEVICES Single Tube Testers Multiple Tube Testers JFIOT Modifications ASTM Coker Modifications Static Testers Other Devices Chapter V-PHYSICAL EFFECTS ON THERMAL STABILITY Temperature Pressure Flow Velocity and Test Duration 13 14 16 19 20 21 22 2
15、2 25 30 32 32 39 42 43 45 46 51 51 58 60 Chapter VI-CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF THERMAL STABILITY 72 General Background 72 Autoxidation 72 Hydrocarbon Structure and Deposition 75 Involvement of Compounds Containing Hetero Atoms in Deposit Formation 79 Characteristics of,Deposits 85 Effects of Storage at Low
16、 Temperatures 89 Refining Techniques to Improve Thermal Stability 90 Chemical Mechanism in Deposit Formation 91 Summary 94 Chapter VII-REDUCTION OF DEPOSIT FORMATION BY REMOVAL OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN Deposition in Fuels with Low Oxygen Content Fuel Composition and Deoxygenation General Comments 99 99 104 108 vi THERMAL OXIDATION STABILITY OF AVIATION TURBINE FUELS Chapter VIII-METAL EFFECTS ON THERMAL STABILITY Dissolved Metal Effects Sources of Dissolved Metals Effects from Exposure to Metallic Ma
