1、Designation:F307114Standard Guide forBasic Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use(GPS/GNSS-IW)Endorsement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3071;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge,skills,and abilities required to use a GPS/GNSS2receiver to deter-mine ones position,and collect locat
3、ion data,in the wilder-ness.1.2 This guide applies to the use of a GPS/GNSS receiveron land,on and off roads,and on small bodies of water,wherever GPS/GNSS signals can be received.1.3 This guide applies to the use of a GPS/GNSS receiver indisaster areas where local positioning aids or references may
4、 belost or damaged.1.4 This guide does not apply to the use of a GPS/GNSSreceiver on large bodies of water,at sea,or in the air.1.5 A person who meets the requirements in this guide isonly prepared to operate a GPS/GNSS receiver to determinehis or her location,and collect position and movementinform
5、ation,in a wilderness environment.1.6 This guide does not imply that a GPS/GNSS receiver isa replacement for a map and compass.Use of the latter isstrongly recommended as a backup for GPS/GNSS navigation.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with i
6、ts use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3F1633 Guide for Techniques in Land SearchF1773 Terminology Relating to C
7、limbing,Mountaineering,Search and Rescue Equipment and PracticesF2209 Guide for Training of Level I Land Search TeamMember3.Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 Galileo,na GNSS currently under development bythe European Union.3.1.2 GLONASS(Globalnaya navigatsionnaya sp
8、utnik-ovaya sistema),nthe GNSS owned and operated by theRussian Aerospace Defense Forces.3.1.3 GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite System),nanavigation system utilizing a constellation of dedicated satel-lites to determine a location on or above the earths surface.3.1.4 GNSS receiver,na radio receiver
9、that uses satellitesignals to fix its location on or above the earths surface.3.1.5 GPS(Global Positioning System),nthe GNSSowned and operated by the United States government.3.1.6 map datum,nthe set of values used to define aparticular geodetic model used by a GPS/GNSS receiver todetermine its loca
10、tion.3.2 Definitions of terms not defined in this standard can befound inASTM Guide F1633,Guide F1773,and Guide F2209.4.Significance and Use4.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge,skills,and abilities required to use a GPS/GNSS receiver to determinea position and collect navigational data i
11、n the wilderness.A1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Searchand Rescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel,Training and Education.Current edition approved March 1,2014.Published April 2014.DOI:10.1520/F3071-14.2This guide refers to GP
12、S/GNSS,rather than GPS,receivers,due to theincreasing number of global satellite navigation systems worldwide.Currently,onlyGPS and GLONASS are in operation and provide global satellite coverage.However,satellite navigation receivers are now manufactured which are capable ofutilizing GPS,GLONASS,and
13、 Galileo satellites to determine a position on or abovethe earths surface.3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM
14、website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 person trained to this guide shall be endorsed for BasicWilderness GPS/GNSS Use(GPS/GNSS-IW Endorsed).4.1.1 Every person who is endorsed for Basic WildernessGPS/GNSS Use shall have m
15、et the requirements of this guide.4.2 This guide is only the first level of training for wilder-ness GPS/GNSS use,and only establishes the minimumknowledge,skills,and abilities required for a person to use aGPS/GNSS receiver to determine his or her location andcollect navigational data in a wilderne
16、ss environment.No otherskills are included or implied.4.3 In addition to meeting the requirements of this guide,aperson endorsed for Basic Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use shallalso be adequately trained to travel and work in a wildernessenvironment.4.4 Depending on the regulations or policies of the AHJ,additional knowledge,skills,or abilities may be requiredbefore a person who meets the requirements in this guide mayuse a GPS/GNSS receiver in a wilderness environment.4.4.1 Nothing in this guide preclud
