1、Metallographic andMaterialographic SpecimenPreparation,Light Microscopy,Image Analysis and HardnessTestingKay GeelsIn collaboration with Daniel B.Fowler,Wolf-Ulrich Kopp,and Michael RckertASTM International100 Barr Harbor DrivePO Box C700West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959Printed in U.S.A.ASTM Stock No.
2、MNL46 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataMetallographic and materialographic specimen preparation,light microscopy,image analysis and hardness testingKay Geels;in collaboration with Daniel B.Fowler,Wolf-Ulrich Kopp,and MichaelRckertp.cm.?Manual;46?ASTM stock number:MNL 46.Includes bib
3、liographical references.ISBN 978-0-8031-4265-7E-book ISBN 978-0-8031-5691-31.Metallography.2.Metallographic specimens.I.Title.TN690.G3785 2006669?.95028dc222006103391Copyright 2007 ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA.All rights reserved.This material may not be reproduced or copied,in whole or i
4、n part,in any printed,mechanical,electronic,film,or other distribution and storage media,without thewritten consent of the publisher.Photocopy RightsAuthorization to photocopy item for internal,personal,oreducational classroom use,or the internal,personal,or educational classroomuse of specific clie
5、nts,is granted by ASTM International ASTM provided thatthe appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center,222 RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA 01923;Tel:978-750-8400;online:http:/ Society is not responsible,as a body,for the statements and opinions expressedin this publication.ASTM International
6、does not endorse any products represented in this publication.Printed in City,StateMonth Year PrefaceThis book is written both for the experienced and unexperienced metallographer?ma-terialographer?who wants specific advice and information.It is also for persons seek-ing a broader knowledge of metal
7、lographic/materialographic specimen preparationand the examination methods,light microscopy,image analysis,and hardness testing.Special emphasis has been made on relations between ASTM standards andmetallography/materialography.The book will be useful for students in courses devoted to practical met
8、allographyandmaterialography.The scope of the book is to give relevant information,in an efficient and clear way,coveringthedailyworkinametallographic/materialographiclaboratory.Metallographic/Materialographic PreparationKay Geels and Michael Rckert?Sections 13.5/6?Part I is a description of section
9、ing,mounting,grinding,polishing,and etching ofspecimens for examination in reflected light,enabling the reader to understand themechanisms of the entire preparation process.This is combined with practical adviceonspecimenpreparationandanintroductiontoexistingequipmentandconsumables.Part II is a“Hand
10、s-on”Manual guiding the metallographer/materialographer tothe correct preparation method,based on the material to be prepared and the purposeof examination.More than 150 methods are indicated covering practically all types ofmaterials,describing the preparation process from sectioning to etching.Thi
11、s partalso includes a section on Trouble Shooting,covering all stages in the preparation pro-cessandartifactsdevelopedduringthepreparation.Light MicroscopyWolf-Ulrich KoppPartIIIisadescriptionoftheopticalreflected-lightmicroscopewithphotomicroscopygiving the reader both an introduction to the subjec
12、t and a manual for the daily work.Also,a short introduction to electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopy canbefoundinthispartofthebook.Quantitative Metallography/MaterialographyAutomaticImage AnalysisDaniel B.FowlerPart IV gives an introduction to quantitative microstructural analysis and au
13、tomaticimage analysis,both theoretically and practically,with emphasis on the examinationsbasedonASTMstandardsandothertypesofcommonlyusedanalyses.iii Hardness TestingWolf-Ulrich KoppPart V gives a description of the hardness testing methods,Brinell,Vickers,Rockwell,microhardness and instrumented?nan
14、o?indentation testing based on ASTM stan-dards,boththeoreticallyandasapracticalguide.The Metallographic/Materialographic LaboratoryKay GeelsPart VI gives directions on how to establish and maintain a modern metallographic/materialographic laboratory.The important rules and regulations covering occup
15、a-tionalsafetyaredescribedandcommentedon.Theauthorsofthisbook,representingmorethan100 yearsexperiencewithprac-tical metallography and materialography,have tried to make this book a practical tooland helpful source of information to all who are involved in the noble art/science ofmetallography/materi
16、alographyKayGeels.AcknowledgmentsThe authors wish to acknowledge the four reviewers,who brought forward valuableinsight for improvement.Special thanks to R.C.Nester,for his advice and suggestionson extension and shortening of the chapters.Thanks to G.Petzow,F.Mcklich and L.E.Samuels for permission to use a number of illustrations,and to B.Ottesen and W.Taylor for reading the manuscript and giving good advice.A special acknowledgementgoes to fellow-metallographers/materialographers for support an
