1、Designation:G155-13NTERNATIONALStandard Practice forOperating Xenon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Non-Metallic Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G155;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,t
2、he year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope*responsibility of the user of thi
3、s standard to establish appro-1.1 This practice covers the basic principles and operatingpriate safety and health practices and determine the applica-procedures for using xenon arc light and water apparatusbility of regulatory limitations prior to use.intended to reproduce the weathering effects tha
4、t occur when1.5.1 Should any ozone be generated from the operation ofmaterials are exposed to sunlight(either direct or throughthe lamp(s),it shall be carried away from the test specimenswindow glass)and moisture as rain or dew in actual use.Thisand operating personnel by an exhaust system.practice
5、is limited to the procedures for obtaining,measuring,1.6 This practice is technically similar to the following ISOand controlling conditions of exposure.A number of exposuredocuments:IS04892-2,IS011341,IS0105B02,IS0105procedures are listed in an appendix;however,this practiceB04,IS0105B05,and IS(010
6、5B06.G155-132.3 International Standards Organization Standards:4.3 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposedISO 1134 Paint and Varnishes-Artificial Weathering Expo-in the same model of apparatus should not be made unlesssure to Artificial Radiation to Filtered Xenon Arc Radia-reproducibi
7、lity has been established among devices for thetionmaterial to be tested.ISO 105 B02 Textiles-Tests for Colorfastness-Part B02Colorfastness to Artificial Light:Xenon Arc Fading Lamp4.4 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposedTestin different models of apparatus should not be made unless
8、ISO 105 B04 Textiles-Tests for Colorfastness-Part B04correlation has been established among devices for the materialto be tested.Colorfastness to Artificial Weathering:Xenon Arc FadingLamp TestISO 105 B05 Textiles-Tests for Colorfastness-Part B055.Significance and UseDetection and Assessment of Phot
9、ochromism35.1 The use of this apparatus is intended to induce propertyISO 105 B06 Textiles-Tests for Colorfastness-Part B06changes associated with the end use conditions,including theColorfastness to Artificial Light at High Temperatures:effects of sunlight,moisture,and heat.These exposures mayXenon
10、 Arc Fading Lamp Testinclude a means to introduce moisture to the test specimen.ISO 4892-1 Plastics-Methods of Exposure to LaboratoryExposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration causedLight Sources,Part 1,General Guidanceby localized weather phenomena,such as atmosphericISO 4892-2 Plasti
11、cs-Methods of Exposure to Laboratorypollution,biological attack,and saltwater exposure.Light Sources,Part 2,Xenon-Arc SourcesAlternatively,the exposure may simulate the effects of sunlight2.4 Sociery of Automotive EngineersStandards:through window glass.Typically,these exposures would in-SAE J2412 A
12、ccelerated Exposure of Automotive Interiorclude moisture in the form of humidity.Trim Components Using a Controlled Irradiance Xenon-NoTE 2-Caution:Refer to Practice G151 for full cautionary guidanceArc Apparatus5applicable to all laboratory weathering devices.SAE J2527 Accelerated Exposure of Autom
13、otive ExteriorMaterials Using a Controlled Irradiance Xenon-Arc Ap-5.2 Variation in results may be expected when operatingconditions are varied within the accepted limits of this practice.paratus 6Therefore,no reference shall be made to results from the use ofthis practice unless accompanied by a re
14、port detailing the3.Terminologyspecific operating conditions in conformance with the Report3.1 Definitions-The definitions given in TerminologySection.G113 are applicable to this practice.5.2.1 It is recommended that a similar material of known3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:perfo
15、rmance(a control)be exposed simultaneously with the3.2.1 As used in this practice,the term sunlight is identicaltest specimen to provide a standard for comparative purposes.to the terms daylight and solar irradiance,global as they areIt is best practice to use control materials known to havedefined
16、in Terminology G113.relatively poor and good durability.It is recommended that atleast three replicates of each material evaluated be exposed in4.Summary of Practiceeach test to allow for statistical evaluation of results.4.1 Specimens are exposed to repetitive cycles of light and6.Apparatusmoisture
17、 under controlled environmental conditions.4.1.1 Moisture is usually produced by spraying the test6.1 Laboratory Light Source-The light source shall be onespecimen with demineralized/deionized water or by condensa-or more quartz jacketed xenon arc lamps which emit radiationtion of water vapor onto t
18、he specimen.from below 270 nm in the ultraviolet through the visiblespectrum and into the infrared.In order for xenon arcs to4.2 The exposure condition may be varied by selection of:simulate terrestrial daylight,filters must be used to remove4.2.1 Lamp filter(s),short wavelength UV radiation.Filters
19、 to reduce irradiance at4.2.2 The lamps irradiance level,wavelengths shorter than 310 nm must be used to simulate4.2.3 The type of moisture exposure,daylight filtered through window glass.In addition,filters to4.2.4 The timing of the light and moisture exposure,remove infrared radiation may be used
20、to prevent unrealistic4.2.5 The temperature of light exposure,heating of test specimens that can cause thermal degradation4.2.6 The temperature of moisture exposure,andnot experienced during outdoor exposures.4.2.7 The timing of a light/dark cycle.6.1.1 The following factors can affect the spectral
21、powerdistribution of filtered xenon arc light sources as used in theseapparatus:3 Available from American National Standards Institute(ANSD),25 W.43rd St.,6.1.1.1 Differences in the composition and thickness of4th Floor,New York,NY 10036,http:/www.ansi.org.Available from Americanfilters can have lar
22、ge effects on the amount of short wavelengthNational Standards Institute(ANSI).25 W.43rd St.4th Floor.New York.NYUV radiation transmitted.10036.6 Available from SAE International(SAE),400 Commonwealth Dr.,Warrendale,6.1.1.2 Aging of filters can result in changes in filterPA 15096-0001,http:/www.sae.
23、org.transmission.The aging properties of filters can be influencedG155-13TABLE 1 Relative Ultraviolet Spectral Power DistributionTABLE 2 Relative Ultraviolet Spectral Power DistributionSpecification for Xenon Arc with Daylight Filters4.8Specification for Xenon-Arc with Window Glass Filters4.Spectral
24、 BandpassMinimumBenchmark SolarMaximumSpectral BandpassMinimumWindow Glass FilteredMaximumWavelength入innmPercentRadiation Percent.E.FPercentSolar RadiationWavelengthinnmPercent12900.15PercentD.E.FPercentc2903202.65.87.93000.00.29320136028.340.040.030013200.1g0528360140054.254.267.5320136023.834.235.
25、5A Data in Table 1 are the irradiance in the given bandpass expressed as a360140062.565.376.1percentage of the total irradiance from 290 to 400 nm.The manufacturer isA Data in Table 2 are the irradiance in the given bandpass expressed as aresponsible for determining conformance to Table 1.Annex A1 s
26、tates how topercentage of the total irradiance from 300 to 400 nm.The manufacturer isdetermine relative spectral irradianceresponsible for determining conformance to Table 2.Annex A1 states how toThe data in Table 1 are based on the rectangular integration of 112 spectraldetermine relative spectral
27、irradiance.power distributions for water and air cooled xenon-arcs with daylight filters ofThe data in Table 2 are based on the rectangular integration of 36 spectral powervarious lots and ages.The spectral power distribution data is for filters anddistributions for water cooled and air cooled xenon
28、-arcs with window glass filtersxenon-burners within the aging recommendations of the device manufacturer.Theof various lots and ages.The spectral power distribution data is for filters andminimum and maximum data are at least the three sigma limits from the mean forxenon-burners within the aging rec
29、ommendations of the device manufacturer.Theall measurements.minimum and maximum data are at least the three sigma limits from the mean forc The minimum and maximum columns will not necessarily sum to 100 becauseall measurements.they represent the minimum and maximum for the data used.For any individ
30、ualThe minimum and maximum columns will not necessarily sum to 100 becausespectral power distribution,the calculated percentage for the bandpasses in Tablethey represent the minimum and maximum for the data used.For any individual1 will sum to 100%.For any individual xenon-lamp with daylight filters
31、,thespectral power distribution,the calculated percentage for the bandpasses in Tablecalculated percentage in each bandpass must fall within the minimum and2 will sum to 100%For any individual xenon-lamp with window glass filters,themaximum limits of Table 1.Test results can be expected to differ be
32、tweencalculated percentage in each bandpass must fall within the minimum andexposures using xenon arc devices in which the spectral power distributions differmaximum limits of Table 2.Test results can be expected to differ betweenby as much as that allowed by the tolerances.Contact the manufacturer
33、of theexposures using xenon arc devices in which the spectral power distributions differxenon-arc devices for specific spectral power distribution data for the xenon-arcby as much as that allowed by the tolerances.Contact the manufacturer of theand filters used.xenon-arc devices for specific spectra
34、l power distribution data for the xenon-arcThe benchmark solar radiation data is defined in ASTM G177 and is forand filters used.atmospheric conditions and altitude chosen to maximize the fraction of shortThe window glass filtered solar data is for a solar spectrum with atmosphericwavelength solar U
35、V.This data is provided for comparison purposes only.conditions and altitude chosen to maximize the fraction of short wavelength solarPrevious versions of this standard used solar radiation data from Table 4 of CIEUV(defined in ASTM G177)that has been filtered by window glass.The glassPublication Nu
36、mber 85.See Appendix X4 for more information comparing thetransmission is the average for a series of single strength window glasses testedsolar radiation data used in this standard with that for CIE 85 Table 4.as part of a research study for ASTM Subcommittee G3.02.While this data isFor the benchma
37、rk solar spectrum,the UV irradiance(290 to 400 nm)is 9.8provided for comparison purposes only,it is desirable for a xenon-arc with windowand the visible irradiance(400 to 800 nm)is 90.2%expressed as a percentage ofglass filters to provide a spectrum that is a close match to this window glass filtere
38、dthe total irradiance from 290 to 800 nm.The percentages of UV and visiblesolar spectrum.irradiances on samples exposed in xenon arc devices may vary due to the numberF Previous versions of this standard used window glass filtered solar radiation dataand reflectance properties of specimens being exp
39、osed.based on Table 4 of CIE Publication Number 85.See Appendix X4 for moreinformation comparing the solar radiation data used in the standard with that forCIE 85 Table 4.*For the benchmark window glass filtered solar spectrum,the UV irradiance(300to 400 nm)is 8.2 and the visible irradiance(400 to 8
40、00 nm)is 91.8 expressedby the composition.Aging of filters can result in a significantas a percentage of the total irradiance from 300 to 800 nm.The percentages of UVand visible irradiances on samples exposed in xenon arc devices with windowreduction in the short wavelength UV emission of a xenongla
41、ss filters may vary due to the number and reflectance properties of specimensburner.being exposed,and the UV transmission of the window glass filters used.6.1.1.3 Accumulation of deposits or other residue on filterscan effect filter transmission.6.1.1.4 Aging of the xenon burner itself can result in
42、changes in lamp output.Changes in lamp output may also bea simulation of sunlight filtered through window glass.Table 2caused by accumulation of dirt or other residue in or on theshows the relative spectral power distribution limits for xenonburner envelope.arcs filtered with window glass filters.Th
43、e spectral power6.1.2 Follow the device manufacturers instructions fordistribution of xenon arcs with new or pre-aged filters shallrecommended ply with the requirements specified in Table 2.6.1.3 Spectral Irradiance of Xenon Arc with Daylight6.1.5 Spectral Irradiance of Xenon Arc With Extended UVFil
44、ters-Filters are used to filter xenon arc lamp emissions inFilters-Filter that transmit more short wavelength UV area simulation of terrestrial sunlight.The spectral power distri-sometimes used to accelerate test result.Although this type ofbution of xenon arcs with new or pre-aged filters7.8 shallf
45、ilter has been specified in some tests,they transmit significancomply with the requirements specified in Table 1.radiant energy below 300 nm(the typical cut-on wavelength6.1.4 Spectral Irradiance of Xenon Arc With Window Glassfor terrestrial sunlight)and may result in aging processes notFilters-Filt
46、ers are used to filter xenon arc lamp emissions inoccurring outdoors.The spectral irradiance for a xenon arcwith extended UV filters shall comply with the requirements ofTable 3.Ketola,W.,Skogland,T.,Fischer,R.Effects of Filter and Burner Aging on theSpectral Power Distribution of Xenon Arc Lamps,Du
47、rabiliry Testing of Non-Metallic Materials,ASTM STP 1294,Robert Herling.Editor,ASTM.Philadelphia,1995.Ketola.W.Robbins.J.S.UV Transmission of Single Strength WindowSearle.N.D.Giesecke.P.Kinmonth,R.and Hirt.R.C.Ultraviolet SpectralGlass,Accelerated and Outdoor Durability Testing of Organic Materials,
48、ASTMDistributions and Aging Characteristics of Xenon Arcs and Filters,Applied Optics,STP/202,Warren D.Ketola and Douglas Grossman,Editors,ASTM.Philadelphia.Vol.No.8,1964,pp.923-927.1993.G155-13TABLE 3 Relative Ultraviolet Spectral Power Distributionis recommended.If a radiometer is used,it shall com
49、ply withSpecification for Xenon Arc with Extended UV Filters8the requirements in Practice ASTM G151.Spectral BandpassMinimumBenchmark SolarMaximumWavelength入innmPercentRadiation Percent.E.FPercent6.5 Thermometer-Either insulated or un-insulated black or25012900.10.7white panel thermometers may be us
50、ed.Thermometers shall2903205.05.811.0conform to the descriptions found in Practice G151.The type320136032.340.037.036040052.054.262.0of thermometer used,the method of mounting on specimenA Data in Table 3 are the irradiance in the given bandpass expressed as aholder,and the exposure temperature shal
51、l be stated in the testpercentage of the total irradiance from 250 to 400 nm.The manufacturer isreport.responsible for determining conformance to Table 3.Annex A1 states how to6.5.1 The thermometer shall be mounted on the specimendetermine relative spectral irradiance.The data in Table 3 are based o
52、n the rectangular integration of 81 spectral powerrack so that its surface is in the same relative position anddistributions for water cooled and air cooled xenon-arcs with extended UV filters ofsubjected to the same influences as the test specimensvarious lots and ages.The spectral power distributi
53、on data is for filters andxenon-burners within the aging recommendations of the device manufacturer.The6.5.2 Some specifications may require chamber air tempera-minimum and maximum data are at least the three sigma limits from the mean forture control.Positioning and calibration of chamber air tem-a
54、ll measurements.perature sensors shall be in accordance with the descriptionsc The minimum and maximum columns will not necessarily sum to 100 becausefound in Practice G151.they represent the minimum and maximum for the data used.For any individualspectral power distribution,the calculated percentag
55、e for the bandpasses in Table3 will sum to 100%.For any individual xenon-arc lamp with extended UV filters,6.6 Moisture-The test specimens may be exposed to mois-the calculated percentage in each bandpass must fall within the minimum andture in the form of water spray,condensation,immersion,ormaximu
56、m limits of Table 3.Test results can be expected to differ betweenhigh humidity.exposures using xenon arc devices in which the spectral power distributions differby as much as that allowed by the tolerances.Contact the manufacturer of the6.6.1 Water Spray-The test chamber may be equipped withxenon-a
57、rc devices for specific spectral power distribution data for the xenon-arca means to introduce intermittent water spray onto the front orand filters used.The benchmark solar radiation data is defined in ASTM G177 and is forthe back of the test specimens,under specified conditions.Theatmospheric cond
58、itions and altitude chosen to maximize the fraction of shortspray shall be uniformly distributed over the specimens.Thewavelenght solar UV.This data is provided for comparison purposes only.spray system shall be made from corrosion resistant materialsPrevious versions of this standard used solar rad
59、iation data from Table 4 of CIEthat do not contaminate the water employed.Publication Number 85.See Appendix X4 for more information comparing thesolar radiation data used in the standard with that for CIE 85 Table 4.6.6.1.1 Quality of Water for Sprays and Immersion-SprayFor the benchmark solar spec
60、trum,the UV irradiance(290 to 400 nm)is 9.8water must have a conductivity below 5 uS/cm,contain lessand the visible irradiance(400 to 800 nm)is 90.2%expressed as a percentage ofthe total irradiance from 290 to 800 nm.The percentages of UV and visiblethan 1-ppm solids,and leave no observable stains o
61、r depositsirradiances on samples exposed in xenon arc devices may vary due to the numberon the specimens.Very low levels of silica in spray water canand reflectance properties of specimens being exposed.cause significant deposits on the surface of test specimens.Care should be taken to keep silica l
62、evels below 0.1 ppm.Inaddition to distillation,a combination of deionization and6.1.6 The actual irradiance at the testers specimen plane isreverse osmosis can effectively produce water of the requireda function of the number of xenon burners used,the powerquality.The pH of the water used should be
63、reported.Seeapplied to each,and the distance between the test specimensPractice G151 for detailed water quality instructions.and the xenon burner.If appropriate,report the irradiance and6.6.1.2 Condensation-A spray system designed to cool thethe bandpass in which it was measured.specimen by spraying
64、 the back surface of the specimen or6.2 Test Chamber-The design of the test chamber mayspecimen substrate may be required when the exposure pro-vary,but it should be constructed from corrosion resistantgram specifies periods of condensation.material and,in addition to the radiant source,may provide
65、for6.6.2 Relative Humidiry-The test chamber may bemeans of controlling temperature and relative humidity.Whenequipped with a means to measure and control the relativerequired,provision shall be made for the spraying of water onhumidity.Such instruments shall be shielded from the lampthe test specime
66、n,for the formation of condensate on theradiation.exposed face of the specimen or for the immersion of the test6.6.3 Water Immersion-The test chamber may be equippedspecimen in water.with a means to immerse specimens in water under specified6.2.1 The radiation source(s)shall be located with respect
67、toconditions.The immersion system shall be made from corro-the specimens such that the irradiance at the specimen facesion resistant materials that do not contaminate the watercomplies with the requirements in Practice G151.employed.6.3 Instrument Calibration-To ensure standardization and6.7 Specime
68、n Holders-Holders for test specimens shall beaccuracy,the instruments associated with the exposure appa-made from corrosion resistant materials that will not affect theratus(that is,timers,thermometers,wet bulb sensors,dry bulbtest results.Corrosion resistant alloys of aluminum or stainlesssensors.h
69、umidity sensors,UV sensors,radiometers)requiresteel have been found acceptable.Brass,steel,or copper shallperiodic calibration to ensure repeatability of test results.not be used in the vicinity of the test specimens.Whenever possible,calibration should be traceable to national6.7.1 The specimen hol
70、ders are typically,but notor international standards.Calibration schedule and procedurenecessarily,mounted on a revolving cylindrical rack that isshould be in accordance with manufacturers instructions.rotated around the lamp system at a speed dependent on the6.4 Radiometer-The use of a radiometer t
71、o monitor andtype of equipment and that is centered both horizontally andcontrol the amount of radiant energy received at the specimenvertically with respect to the exposure area.G155-136.7.2 Specimen holders may be in the form of an open9.5.1 If irradiance at positions farthest from the center of t
72、heframe,leaving the back of the specimen exposed,or they mayexposure area is between 70 and 90 of that measured at theprovide the specimen with a solid backing.Any backing usedcenter,one of the following three techniques shall be used formay affect test results and shall be agreed upon in advancespe
73、cimen placement.between the interested parties.9.5.1.1 Periodically reposition specimens during the expo-6.7.3 Specimen holders may rotate on their own axis.Whensure period to ensure that each receives an equal amount ofthese holders are used,they may be filled with specimensradiant exposure.The rep
74、ositioning schedule shall be agreedplaced back to back.Rotation of the holder on its axisupon by all interested parties.alternately exposes each specimen to direct radiation from the9.5.1.2 Place specimens only in the exposure area where thexenon burner.irradiance is at least 90%of the maximum irrad
75、iance.6.8 Apparatus to Assess Changes in Properties-Use the9.5.1.3 To compensate for test variability.randomly positionapparatus required by the ASTM or other standard thatreplicate specimens within the exposure area that meets thedescribes determination of the property or properties beingirradiance
76、 uniformity requirements as defined in section 9.5.1.monitored.9.6 Inspection-If it is necessary to remove a test specimen7.Test Specimenfor periodic inspection,take care not to handle or disturb the7.1 Refer to Practice Gl51test surface.After inspection,the test specimen shall bereturned to the tes
77、t chamber with its test surface in the same8.Test Conditionsorientation as previously tested.8.1 Any exposure conditions may be used as long as the9.7 Apparatus Maintenance-The test apparatus requiresexact conditions are detailed in the report.Appendix XI listsperiodic maintenance to maintain unifor
78、m exposure conditions.some representative exposure conditions.These are not neces-Perform required maintenance and calibration in accordancesarily preferred and no recommendation is implied.Thesewith manufacturers instructions.conditions are provided for reference only.9.8 Expose the test specimens
79、for the specified period of9.Procedureexposure.See Practice G151 for further guidance.9.1 Identify each test specimen by suitable indelible9.9 At the end of the exposure,quantify the appropriatemarking,but not on areas to be used in testing.properties in accordance with recognized international stan
80、-9.2 Determine which property of the test specimens will bedards and report the results in conformance with PracticeG151.evaluated.Prior to exposing the specimens,quantify theappropriate properties in accordance with recognized interna-NorE 4Periods of exposure and evaluation of test results aretion
81、al standards.If required(for example,destructive testing),addressed in Practice G151.use unexposed file specimens to quantify the property.SeePractice D5870 for detailed guidance.10.Report9.3 Mounting of Test Specimens-Attach the specimens to10.1 The test report shall conform to Practice G151.the sp
82、ecimen holders in the equipment in such a manner thatthe specimens are not subject to any applied stress.To assure11.Precision and Biasuniform exposure conditions,fill all of the spaces,using blankpanels of corrosion resistant material if necessary.11.1 Precision:11.1.1 The repeatability and reprodu
83、cibility of results ob-NorE 3-Evaluation of color and appearance changes of exposedtained in exposures conducted according to this practice willmaterials must be made based on comparisons to unexposed specimens ofthe same material which have been stored in the dark.Masking orvary with the materials
84、being tested,the material propertyshielding the face of test specimens with an opaque cover for the purposebeing measured,and the specific test conditions and cycles thatof showing the effects of exposure on one panel is not recommended.are used.In round-robin studies conducted by SubcommitteeMislea
85、ding results may be obtained by this method,since the maskedG03.03,the 60 gloss values of replicate PVC tape specimensportion of the specimen is still exposed to temperature and humidity thatin many cases will affect results.exposed in different laboratories using identical test devicesand exposure
86、cycles showed significant variability.The vari-9.4 Exposure to Test Conditions-Program the selected testability shown in these round-robin studies restricts the use ofconditions to operate continuously throughout the requiredabsolute specificationssuch as requiring a specific propertynumber of repet
87、itive cycles.Maintain these conditionslevel after a specific exposure period.throughout the exposure.Interruptions to service the apparatus11.1.2 If a standard or specification for general use requiresand to inspect specimens shall be minimized.a definite property level after a specific time or radi
88、ant9.5 Specimen Repositioning-Periodic repositioning of theexposure in an exposure test conducted according to thisspecimens during exposure is not necessary if the irradiance atpractice,the specified property level shall be based on resultsthe positions farthest from the center of the specimen area
89、 is atobtained in a round-robin that takes into consideration theleast 90 of that measured at the center of the exposure area.variability due to the exposure and the test method used toIrradiance uniformity shall be determined in accordance withmeasure the property of interest.The round-robin shall bePractice G151.conducted according to Practice E691 or Practice D3980 and
