1、Designation:F220409Standard Guide forDescribing Shoreline Response Techniques1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2204;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses
2、 indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This guide describes methods of cleaning and remedi-ating shorelines containing stranded oil.The primary goal ofany shoreline countermeasure is to aid recovery
3、while mini-mizing additional impact.1.2 This guide describes 22 different tactics that are avail-able for consideration.These options range from naturalrecovery to active intervention.1.3 The tactics listed may not be appropriate under allpossible circumstances,and multiple countermeasures may beapp
4、ropriate on the same shoreline.1.4 This guide describes technical considerations for select-ing one technique or another,or both.1.5 Selection of specific countermeasures for use during aspill response are guided by the properties of the stranded oil,the degree of oiling,shoreline accessibility,shor
5、eline geomor-phology,mobility of available equipment,oceanographic andmeteorological conditions,and the presence of sensitive natu-ral and archeological resources.It is advisable to consult withthe appropriate regulatory authorities as certain response op-tions may require government authorization a
6、nd approval.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard.The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if
7、 any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1686 Guide for Surveys to Document and Assess Oil
8、ingConditions on ShorelinesF1687 Guide for Terminology and Indices to Describe Oil-ing Conditions on ShorelinesF1872 Guide for Use of Chemical Shoreline CleaningAgents:Environmental and Operational ConsiderationsF2205 Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use ofChemical Dispersants in Oil Spil
9、l Response:TropicalEnvironmentsF2532 Guide for Determining Net Environmental Benefit ofDispersant Use3.Key Terms3.1 Mixed Sediment BeachesBeaches are described basedon the size of the inorganic sediments(Guide F1687).Thepenetration and retention of oil stranded on a beach is largelycontrolled by the
10、 sediment size.Only light oils(for example,adiesel)can penetrate where sand is present whereas all but themore viscous oils can easily penetrate into a pebble-cobble(“coarse sediment”)beach.Beaches composed of mixed sands,pebbles,and cobbles are sometimes referred to as“gravelbeaches.”The surface la
11、yer often has predominantly coarsesediments with increasing amounts of sand in the subsurface.On the mixed-sediment beaches,the coarser fractions(pebblesand cobbles)are infilled with the finer sediments(sands andgranules)so that these beaches are permeable only for somemedium oils and all light oils
12、.Pebble-cobble(“coarse sedi-ment”)beaches have open interstitial spaces so that oiltypically penetrates the sediments but can be easily remobi-lized by wave flushing or tidal pumping,or both.3.2 DebrisScattered organic or inorganic materials thathave washed up onto the shore.These materials are not
13、part ofthe natural shore zone substrate,such as sediments,attached1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.17 on Shoreline Countermeasures.Current edition approved Oct.1,2009.Publishe
14、d October 2009.Originallyapproved in 2002.Last previous edition approved in 2002 as F2204 02.DOI:10.1520/F2204-09.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the sta
15、ndards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 animals(for example,mussels or barnacles),live sea grasses,or marsh plants.Accumulations of large logs that have washedashore provide protecti
16、on against wave action and,in someareas,are considered to be a critical element of the shore zoneso that a decision to remove oiled logs requires approval fromlocal regulatory agencies.3.3 Hot versus Warm Water WashingWashing oil from asubstrate typically uses ambient(unheated)water pumped fromthe adjacent water body.The removal of sticky or weatheredstranded oil may require an increase in pressure and/ortemperature to be effective.Conventional water heaters raisethe water temperature up to 160F
