1、interactivestudenteditionJackson J.Spielvogel,Ph.D.ME_CA_SE_TP 868876-0 1/18/05 12:04 AM Page 1Jackson J.Spielvogelis associate professor emeritus of historyat the Pennsylvania State University.He received his Ph.D.fromThe Ohio State University,where he specialized in Reformationhistory under Harold
2、 J.Grimm.His articles and reviews havebeen published in several scholarly publications.He is coauthor(with William Duiker)of World History,published in 1994(3rdedition,2001).Professor Spielvogel has won five major univer-sity-wide awards,and in 1997,he became the first winner of theSchreyer Institut
3、es Student Choice Award for innovative andinspiring teaching.The National Geographic Society,founded in 1888 for theincrease and diffusion of geographic knowledge,is the worldslargest nonprofit scientific and educational organization.Since itsearliest days,the Society has used sophisticated communic
4、ationtechnologies,from color photography to holography,to conveygeographic knowledge to a worldwide membership.The Edu-cation Products Division supports the Societys mission by devel-oping innovative educational programsranging from traditionalprint materials to multimedia programs including CD-ROMs
5、,videodiscs,and software.About the Cover:The medieval and early modern era was a time of great con-flict and change.Top:The first Alcazar fortress in Segovia,Spain,was built byMuslim rulers about A.D.1000.Towers and buildings were added by King Johnof Castile in the 1100s and by Spanish rulers in th
6、e 1400s and 1500s.Left:Armormade of plate-mail became popular in Western Europe in the 1200s and 1300s asprotection against the crossbow.Right:The Hakurojo Castle in Hemeji,Japan,isalso known as the White Heron Castle because its towers and white wallsresemble a heron in flight.The castle was begun
7、in 1601 by Ikeda Terumasa,theson-in-law of the Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu,and took nine years to build.Copyright 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.Except aspermitted under the United States Copyright Act,no part of this publication may bereproduced or distributed in any form or b
8、y any means,or stored in a database orretrieval system,without prior permission of the publisher.The name“National Geographic Society”and the“Yellow Border Rectangle”are trademarks of the Society and their use,without prior written permission,is strictly prohibited.Send all inquiries to:Glencoe/McGr
9、aw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus,OH 43240-4027ISBN:0-07-868876-0Printed in the United States of America.3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 071/055 10 09 08 07 06ii-v FM-A&C-868876 8/30/05 2:03 PM Page iiiiiTeacher ReviewersJane DickeyDon Julio Junior High SchoolNorth Highlands,CaliforniaElaina GreenbergJohn Adams Midd
10、le SchoolLos Angeles,CaliforniaRhonda RumreyC.A.Jacobs IntermediateDixon,CaliforniaGrant SchusterDale Junior HighAnaheim,CaliforniaKelly VanAllenPine Grove Elementary SchoolSanta Maria,CaliforniaAcademic ConsultantsWinthrop Lindsay AdamsAssociate Professor of HistoryUniversity of UtahSalt Lake City,
11、UtahSari J.BennettDirector,Center for Geographic EducationUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimore,MarylandRichard G.BoehmJesse H.Jones Distinguished Chair in Geographic EducationTexas State UniversitySan Marcos,TexasStephen F.Dale,Ph.D.Department of HistoryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbus,
12、OhioSheilah Clarke-EkongAssociate Professor of Anthropology and Interim DeanEvening CollegeUniversity of Missouri,St.LouisSt.Louis,MissouriTimothy E.GregoryProfessor of HistoryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbus,OhioRobert E.HerzsteinDepartment of HistoryUniversity of South CarolinaColumbia,South Caro
13、linaKenji OshiroProfessor of GeographyWright State UniversityDayton,OhioJoseph R.RosenbloomAdjunct Professor,Jewish and Near Eastern StudiesWashington UniversitySt.Louis,MissouriGuy Welbon,Ph.D.Department of HistoryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia,PennsylvaniaDinah ZikeEducational ConsultantDi
14、nah-Might Activities,Inc.San Antonio,TexasContributing AuthorsStephen F.Cunha,Ph.D.Professor of GeographyDirector,California Geographic AllianceHumboldt State UniversityArcata,CaliforniaDouglas Fisher,Ph.D.ProfessorSan Diego State UniversitySan Diego,CaliforniaNancy Frey,Ph.D.Assistant ProfessorSan
15、Diego State UniversitySan Diego,CaliforniaRobin C.Scarcella,Ph.D.Professor and DirectorAcademic English/ESLUniversity of California,IrvineIrvine,CaliforniaEmily M.Schell,Ed.D.Visiting Professor,San Diego State UniversitySocial Studies Education DirectorSDSU City Heights Educational CollaborativeSan
16、Diego,CaliforniaDavid VigilanteAssociate DirectorNational Center for History in the SchoolsSan Diego,CaliforniaRuben Zepeda II,Ed.D.Adviser,Instructional Support ServicesLos Angeles Unified School DistrictLos Angeles,CaliforniaReading ConsultantsMaureen D.DannerProject CRISSNational Training ConsultantKalispell,MontanaReLeah Cossett LentFlorida Literacy and Reading Excellence Project CoordinatorUniversity of Central FloridaOrlando,FloridaSteve QunellSocial Studies InstructorMontana AcademyKalisp
