1、 ISO/IEC 18026:2009(E)ISO/IEC 2009 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword.xix 0 Introduction.xxi 0.1 Purpose.xxi 0.2 Design criteria.xxi 1 Scope.1 2 Normative references.3 3 Terms,definitions,symbols,and abbreviated terms.5 3.1 Terms and definitions.5 3.2 Notation,symbols and abbreviated ter
2、ms.5 4 Concepts.9 4.1 Introduction.9 4.2 Spatial objects and object-space.10 4.3 Position-space and normal embeddings.11 4.4 Reference datums.13 4.5 Object reference models.15 4.6 Coordinate systems.17 4.6.1 Abstract coordinate systems.17 4.6.2 Temporal coordinate systems.20 4.6.3 Spatial coordinate
3、 systems.20 4.7 Spatial reference frames.22 4.8 Designated spatial surfaces and vertical offsets.23 4.9 Spatial reference frame operations.24 4.10 Application program interface.25 4.11 SRM units.25 4.12 Profiles.25 4.13 Registration.25 5 Abstract coordinate systems.27 5.1 Introduction.27 5.2 Prelimi
4、naries.27 5.3 Abstract CS.27 5.4 CS types.29 5.5 Coordinate surfaces,induced surface CSs,and coordinate curves.30 5.5.1 Introduction.30 5.5.2 Coordinate-component surfaces and induced surface CSs.30 5.5.3 Coordinate-component curves.31 5.6 CS properties.32 5.6.1 Linearity.32 5.6.2 Orthogonality.33 5
5、.6.3 Linear CS properties:Cartesian,and orthonormal.33 5.6.4 CS right-handedness and coordinate-component ordering.33 5.7 CS localization.34 5.8 Map projection coordinate systems.35 5.8.1 Map projections.35 5.8.2 Map projection as a surface CS.36 5.8.3 Map projection geometry.37 5.8.4 Relationship t
6、o projection functions.40 5.8.5 Map projection CS common parameters.43 5.8.6 Augmented map projections.44 ISO/IEC 18026:2009(E)iv ISO/IEC 2009 All rights reserved 5.9 CS specifications.45 5.9.1 Specification table elements and common functions and parameters.45 5.9.2 Euclidean 3D CS specification.49
7、 5.9.3 Lococentric Euclidean 3D CS specification.50 5.9.4 Spherical CS specification.51 5.9.5 Lococentric spherical CS specification.53 5.9.6 Azimuthal spherical CS specification.54 5.9.7 Lococentric azimuthal spherical CS specification.56 5.9.8 Geodetic 3D CS specification.57 5.9.9 Planetodetic 3D
8、specification.60 5.9.10 Cylindrical CS specification.62 5.9.11 Lococentric cylindrical CS specification.63 5.9.12 Mercator CS specification.64 5.9.13 Oblique Mercator spherical CS specification.67 5.9.14 Transverse Mercator CS specification.70 5.9.15 Lambert conformal conic CS specification.74 5.9.1
9、6 Polar stereographic CS specification.77 5.9.17 Equidistant cylindrical CS specification.80 5.9.18 Surface geodetic CS specification.82 5.9.19 Surface planetodetic CS specification.84 5.9.20 Lococentric surface Euclidean CS specification.85 5.9.21 Lococentric surface azimuthal CS specification.87 5
10、.9.22 Lococentric surface polar CS specification.88 5.9.23 Euclidean 2D CS specification.90 5.9.24 Lococentric Euclidean 2D CS specification.91 5.9.25 Azimuthal CS specification.93 5.9.26 Lococentric azimuthal CS specification.94 5.9.27 Polar CS specification.95 5.9.28 Lococentric polar CS specifica
11、tion.96 5.9.29 Euclidean 1D CS specification.98 6 Temporal coordinate systems.101 6.1 Introduction.101 6.2 Temporal coordinate systems.101 6.2.1 Integrated and dynamic temporal coordinate systems.101 6.2.2 Universal time.101 6.2.3 International atomic time.102 6.2.4 Coordinated universal time.102 6.
12、3 Specified temporal coordinate systems.102 6.4 Registered temporal coordinate systems.103 7 Reference datums,embeddings,and object reference models.105 7.1 Introduction.105 7.2 Reference datums.105 7.2.1 Introduction.105 7.2.2 Reference datums.105 7.2.3 Ellipsoidal RDs.108 7.2.4 RDs associated with
13、 physical objects.109 7.2.5 RD binding.111 7.3 Normal embeddings of position-space into object-space.111 7.3.1 Normal embeddings.111 7.3.2 Specification of 3D similarity transformations.112 7.3.3 Specification of 2D similarity transformations.114 7.4 Object reference model.114 7.4.1 Introduction.114
14、 7.4.2 ORM.115 7.4.3 Binding constraint.116 7.4.4 ORM template.116 ISO/IEC 18026:2009(E)ISO/IEC 2009 All rights reserved v 7.4.5 Standardized ORMs.125 7.5 Object binding rules for ORMT BI_AXIS_ORIGIN_3D realizations.129 7.5.1 Object binding rule set.129 7.5.2 Equatorial inertial.130 7.5.3 Solar ecli
15、ptic.132 7.5.4 Solar equatorial.133 7.5.5 Heliocentric Aries ecliptic.134 7.5.6 Heliocentric planet ecliptic.135 7.5.7 Heliocentric planet equatorial.136 7.5.8 Celestiomagnetic.137 7.5.9 Solar magnetic ecliptic.139 7.5.10 Solar magnetic dipole.140 8 Spatial reference frames.143 8.1 Introduction.143
16、8.2 Spatial coordinate systems.143 8.3 Spatial reference frame.144 8.3.1 Specification.144 8.3.2 SRF specification elements.144 8.4 SRF induced surface spatial reference frame.147 8.5 SRF templates.147 8.5.1 Introduction.147 8.5.2 Celestiocentric SRFT.150 8.5.3 Local space rectangular 3D SRFT.150 8.5.4 Celestiodetic SRFT.151 8.5.5 Planetodetic SRFT.152 8.5.6 Local tangent space Euclidean SRFT.153 8.5.7 Local tangent space azimuthal spherical SRFT.154 8.5.8 Local tangent space cylindrical SRFT.15
