1、Chapter 4 BloodChapter 4 Blood组组胚胚教教研研室室:袁袁娲娲Departmentofhistologyandembryology第一页,共五十六页。Learning Objectives The composition of blood(血液血液).The structure,function and normal values(正常值正常值)of the formed elements of blood(血液有形成血液有形成(xngchng)分分).Hematopoiesis(血细胞的发生血细胞的发生).The hematopoietic tissue(造血组织
2、造血组织)and the hematopoietic stem cells(造血造血干细胞干细胞).The production and significance of lymph(淋巴淋巴).第二页,共五十六页。*a specialized form of C.T.*a circulating tissue*as a transporting medium*a total volume about 5 liters in health adultINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION第三页,共五十六页。Components of blood 血液血液(xuy)的组成成分的组成成分*
3、Formed elements-blood cells(45%)*Intercellular substance-plasma(55%)Erythrocytes 红细胞红细胞Leukocytes 白细胞白细胞Platelets 血小板血小板H2O(90%)Plasma proteins:albumin白蛋白白蛋白,globulin球蛋球蛋 白白,fibrinogen纤维蛋白纤维蛋白(xin wi dn bi)原原,etc.Others:第四页,共五十六页。血液血液(xuy)的组成的组成centrifugation(离心(lxn)-plasmaLeukocytes+Platelets-Eryth
4、rocyte(Red blood cell)anticoagulant(heparin)抗凝剂(肝素抗凝剂(肝素(ns))第五页,共五十六页。血块血块(xukui)、血清、血清Serum血清血清(xuqng)without anticoagulantClotting无无纤维蛋白纤维蛋白(xin wi dn bi)原原第六页,共五十六页。血液血液(xuy)有形成有形成分分红细胞:男红细胞:男 (4.04.05.55.5)10101212/L/L;女女 (3.53.55.05.0)10101212/L/L(350-500350-500万个万个/ul)/ul)白细胞白细胞 (4.0(4.010)10
5、)10 109 9 /L/L或或 4 4千千-1-1万个万个/ul/ul血小板血小板 (100300)109/L(或(或10-30万个万个/ul)有粒白细胞有粒白细胞 无粒白细胞无粒白细胞中性中性(zhngxng)(zhngxng)粒细胞粒细胞 50-50-70%70%嗜酸性粒细胞嗜酸性粒细胞 0.5-3%0.5-3%嗜碱性粒细胞嗜碱性粒细胞 0-1%0-1%淋巴细胞淋巴细胞 25-30%25-30%单核细胞单核细胞 3-8%3-8%血液血液(xuy)有形成分正常值有形成分正常值血象血象(hemogram)(hemogram):血细胞的形态、数量、百分比及血红血细胞的形态、数量、百分比及血红蛋
6、白的含量蛋白的含量.血象是临床疾病诊断、治疗的重要指标。血象是临床疾病诊断、治疗的重要指标。第七页,共五十六页。WrightWright染色法(瑞特染色法)染色法(瑞特染色法):染料是由酸性染料是由酸性(sun xn(sun xn)染料染料伊红和碱性染料亚甲蓝组成。伊红和碱性染料亚甲蓝组成。与酸性染料伊红结合,染粉红与酸性染料伊红结合,染粉红与酸性染料伊红结合,染粉红与酸性染料伊红结合,染粉红色;与碱性染料亚甲蓝结合,色;与碱性染料亚甲蓝结合,色;与碱性染料亚甲蓝结合,色;与碱性染料亚甲蓝结合,染紫蓝色。染紫蓝色。染紫蓝色。染紫蓝色。GiemsaGiemsa染色法(吉姆萨染染色法(吉姆萨染色法
7、)色法):吉姆萨染液由伊红,吉姆萨染液由伊红,天青组成。天青组成。血涂片血涂片 blood smear:blood smear:观察血细胞形态观察血细胞形态(xngti)(xngti)染色方法染色方法:Wright:Wright 或或 Giemsa Giemsa染色染色第八页,共五十六页。一、红细胞(一、红细胞(erythrocyte,red blood cell,RBCerythrocyte,red blood cell,RBC)1.1.结构结构(jigu)(jigu)特点特点2.2.血型血型3.3.功能功能4.4.寿命寿命5.5.网织红细胞网织红细胞第九页,共五十六页。Mature Ery
8、throcyte*biconcavediscshape,providinggreatersurfacearea;*nonucleusandorganelles;*Hemoglobin(Hb);*deformability.SEMSize:7.58.5m(diameter)Number:Male:4.25.51012/L(Hb:120150g/L)Female:3.55.01012/L(Hb:110140g/L)第十页,共五十六页。第十一页,共五十六页。2 2ABOABO血型抗原血型抗原(kngyun)(kngyun)系统系统:红细胞膜含血型抗原红细胞膜含血型抗原 A A型:有型:有A A型抗原
9、型抗原 B B型:有型:有B B型抗原型抗原 O O型:无型:无A A型、型、B B型抗原型抗原 ABAB型:有型:有A A型、型、B B型抗原型抗原3 3功能功能:红细胞具有携带红细胞具有携带 O O和和COCO的功能,由血红的功能,由血红 蛋白执行。蛋白执行。4 4寿命寿命(shumng)(shumng):红细胞的平均红细胞的平均寿命寿命 约为约为120120天。天。溶血溶血(rnxu)(hemolysis)血影(血影(erythrocyteghost):溶血后残留溶血后残留的红细胞膜囊。的红细胞膜囊。第十二页,共五十六页。*not fully mature RBC *0.5 1%of a
10、 total number of RBC *no nucleus *ribosomal RNA remnants(netlike structure)*remaining Hb synthesis *Clinic significance ReticulocyteReticulocyte网织红细胞网织红细胞 第十三页,共五十六页。Pathological conditionsNumberSizeShape HbAnemia贫血贫血(pnxu)Erythrocytosis红细胞增多红细胞增多(zn du)症症 Spherocytosis;Sickle cell anemiaThalassemia
11、(地中海贫血(地中海贫血(pnxu))Large/small cell anemia第十四页,共五十六页。Sickle-cell anemia is a painful disease in which RBCs become crescent shaped due to inheritance of an abnormal type of hemoglobin.Sickled RBCs break down,releasing hemoglobin into the circulation.第十五页,共五十六页。NormalRBCSickledRBC镰状镰状第十六页,共五十六页。第十七页,共
12、五十六页。Typically,the affected RBCs are small,spherically shaped,and lack the light centers seen in normal RBCs.Spherocytosis第十八页,共五十六页。General characteristic of leukocytes*spherical shape*posses nuclei*presence of organelles*a total number less than that of erythrocytes *exhibiting amoeboid movement*i
13、nvolving in body defenses and immunity二、白细胞(二、白细胞(leukocyte,whitebloodcell,WBC)第十九页,共五十六页。第二十页,共五十六页。Classification*Granular leukocytes 有粒白细胞有粒白细胞neutrophils 50 70%中性中性(zhngxng)粒细胞粒细胞eosinophils 0.5 3%嗜酸性粒细胞嗜酸性粒细胞basophils 0 1%嗜碱性粒细胞嗜碱性粒细胞*Agranular leukocytes 无粒白细胞无粒白细胞lymphocytes 25 30%淋巴细胞淋巴细胞mon
14、ocytes 3 8%单核细胞单核细胞第二十一页,共五十六页。Neutrophil Size:10 12 m(diameter)Morphology 形态形态(xngti)nucleus:highly morphonuclear rod-like 2-3 lobulated 4-5 lobulated young old cytoplasm:specific granules:80%,smallazurophilic granules:20%,lysosome 溶酶体Neutrophils中性中性(zhngxng)粒细胞粒细胞(嗜天青嗜天青(tinqng)颗粒颗粒)第二十二页,共五十六页。中性
15、粒细胞模式图(中性粒细胞模式图(示杆状核演变示杆状核演变示杆状核演变示杆状核演变(ynbin)(ynbin)(ynbin)(ynbin)至至至至5 5 5 5叶核叶核叶核叶核,新生到衰老新生到衰老新生到衰老新生到衰老)第二十三页,共五十六页。中性中性(zhngxng)粒细胞粒细胞(血涂片)(血涂片)NeutrophilsLobulated nuclei Rod-like nucleusazurophilic granules*fine,uniform细细腻,均匀腻,均匀(jnyn)*evenly distributed*pink stainingCharateristics of specif
16、ic granules:第二十四页,共五十六页。Specific granules(80%,samll)contain:alkaline phosphatase碱性碱性(jinxn)磷酸酶磷酸酶*Phagocytin 吞噬素吞噬素*lysozyme 溶菌酶溶菌酶Azurophilic G.(large,less)containing:acid phosphatase 酸性酸性(sun xn)磷酸酶磷酸酶*Peroxidase 过氧化物酶过氧化物酶Neutrophil(EM)第二十五页,共五十六页。FunctionChemotaxis(Mobility)趋化性趋化性:Attractedbychemotacticfactor(releasedbymacrophages)Phagocytosis&destroybacteria:吞噬吞噬(tnsh)和杀灭细菌和杀灭细菌thenumberofleukocytes acute the%ofneutrophilsbacteria infection第二十六页,共五十六页。Size:10 12 m(diameter)LM:nucleus:lobula